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PubMed1977

Fertility and family planning in Hungary.

Hungary's birth rate has been declining fairly steadily since World War II, and Hungarian population policy is aimed at increasing fertility to at least replacement level through social, health, and economic benefits to encourage childbearing. Figures for the mid-1970s indicate that birth rates have been rising. Whether these recorded increases may be permanent is examined through analyses of data on Hungarian fertility since 1900 and through retrospective and prospective surveys of family planning attitudes and practice. Both fertility statistics and surveys of family-size desires document a trend toward the two-child family and a birth rate too low to achieve the desired net reproduction rate of more than one. The surveys also show that family planning has become more prevalent in recent decades, and previously heavy reliance on abortion and traditional contraception is increasingly giving way to use of modern contraceptives.

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1977

The changing subtypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in Hungary and the lack of correlation with severity and chronicity of the disease.

Two hundred and twenty sera from asymptomatic carriers and 129 sera from acute hepatitis patients were subtyped. Subtype adw was found in a significantly higher percentage of asymptomatic carriers. The indices of disease severity and chronicity were compared in adw and ayw cases. Now significnat difference was found. The incidence of subtype ayw in acute hepatitis patient was seen to be increasing. The difference between the two patient groups was thus explained by epidemiological factors with reference to current data.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1977

Caries prevalence of preschoolchildren in Baja, Hungary in 1955 and 1975.

In 1975 caries epidemiologic investigations were performed in 1,017 preschoolchildren of Baja, aged 3--6 years. The data were analyzed and compared with those of 620 preschoolchildren of the same city in 1955. A mean increase of 10.9% of the caries frequency (percentage of examinees with caries), and a mean increase of 43.5% of the caries intensity(dmft count per examinee) could be observed in spite of a better vitamin D prophylaxis. The possible cariogenic role of the increased surgar consumption (37.5 kg from 24.4 kg per individual during 20 years) is discussed.

Cariogenic Agents↗
PubMed1979

Aetiological studies of hypospadias in Hungary.

A complex aetiological (epidemiological, teratological and genetic) study was made in 294 index patients with simple isolated hypospadias. The epidemiological study conducted by the help of personal interviews of the mothers revealed a higher frequency of index patients among children born between August and December, among twins, mainly monozygotic, and finally in the lower birth weight groups and among first-borns. The teratological study showed a higher frequency in mothers of index patients who had had sex hormone treatment, mainly progestogen, before the 16th gestational week. This seems to indicate the aetiological role of fetal androgen deficit caused by the regulation disturbances of human choriogonadotropin. The genetic family study completed by personal examination of first-degree male relatives showed a familial clustering (4.0% versus a point prevalence of 0.44% in live-births). Both the pattern of affected relatives (h2 values 0.62 +/- 0.21 and 0.72 +/- 0.33 in fathers and brothers, respectively, not differing significantly from each other) and further characteristics (other malformations were not frequent in relatives) correspond to the multifactorial-threshold model.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed1975

[History of traumatology in Hungary].

The history of the Hungarian Traumatology since the 16th century up to the present days is outlined by the author. The most important works--dealing with the treatment of the fractures and with the activity of other areas of the traumatology--are enumerated. Moreover, the factors promoting the development of the Hungarian traumatology are specified and the important surgeons active in the field of traumatology and the war operative surgery are named, who too have contributed to the development of the Hungarian traumatology. The importance of the Hungarian Institute of Traumatology--founded in 1956--is emphasized,--thus, the traumatology became an independent section of the Hungarian public health; and centrally directed and organized function of the traumatology was assured.

Accidents↗
PubMed1977

[Consumption of drinking water by workers in a steel foundry during working hours in Hungary].

In a former paper the authors had investigated the fluorine intake per kilogram body weight and its extreme possibilities. This study includes 97 workers of a steel foundry. The amount of liquid ingested during working hours was measured, for 30 persons in summer during 90 days and 67 persons in winter during 201 days. Inside and outside temperatures were recorded. The mean age was 40,02 years. The mean intake of drinking water was, in summer 3732 ml (+/- s 1176 and +/- sx 123 ml) and in winter 1835 ml (+/- s 684 and +/- sx 48 ml). The mean value was 2422 ml and the extreme values were 500 and 8500 ml. The calculation of the individual mean values showed however, that the water intake follows an irregular pattern of distribution. About 11% consumed more than 41, and about 2% more than 51 per day continuously. In this study, there are those who consume habitually little, more and a lot of drinking water. With the results, the authors are examining the possibilities of the maximum fluorine intake.

Adult↗