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PubMed1981

[Head circumference and brain development. Growth retardation during intrauterine malnutrition and catch-up growth mechanisms (author's transl)].

Today the close correlation between head circumference growth and brain development in the last weeks of gestation and in the first two years of life is no longer disputed. A recently developed formula even allows for calculations of brain weight based upon head circumference data. Between the ages of 32 postmenstrual weeks and six months after expected date of delivery there is a period of very rapid brain growth in which the weight of the brain quadruples. During this growth spurt there exists an increased vulnerability by unfavorable environmental conditions, such as malnutrition and psychosocial deprivation. The erroneous belief still being prevalent that the brain of the fetus and young infant is spared by malnutrition, can be looked upon as disproved by new research results. Severe malnutrition during the brain growth spurt is thought to be a very important non-genetic factor influencing the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and therewith intellectual performance. In the past a permanent growth retardation of head circumference and a reduced intellectual capacity usually was observed in small-for-gestational age infants (SGA). Nowadays, however, there can be found also proofs of successful catch-up growth of head circumference and normal intellectual development after early and high-energy postnatal feeding of SGA infants. The development of SGA infants of even very low birth weight can be supported in such a way that it takes a normal course by providing good environmental conditions, such as appropriate nutrition - especially during the early growth period - and a stimulating environment with abundant attention by the mother.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Effects of daytime sub-high temperature on greenhouse tomato growth, development, yield and quality].

The study on the effects of daytime sub-high temperature (30 and 35 degrees C) in spring and autumn on the growth, development, yield and quality of greenhouse tomato in northeast China showed that compared with the plant growing under feasible temperature 25 degrees C, three days' daytime sub-high temperature increased the relative growth significantly, and made the plant spindling. Seven days or more sub-high temperature made the plant grow fast, with thinner leaves and presenility. Under sub-high temperature, the harvest time was earlier, the fruit weight and the 2nd and 3rd inflorescence lessened, the quality of fruit decreased, and the yield decreased significantly. Sub-high temperature had a strong influence on the normal growth and development of greenhouse tomato. The longer the plant suffered sub-high temperature from flower bud differentiation to fruit maturing, the worse the fruit quality, and the lower the yield would be.

Biomass↗
PubMed2002

Pediatric kidney transplantation: growth, development, and nursing implications.

The complex issues related to the growth and development of pediatric kidney transplant recipients are explored in this paper. We divide the pediatric population into 3 age groups--toddlers and preschoolers, school age children, and adolescents--and review the literature describing growth and development in kidney transplant recipients and the normal population briefly for each age group. Planning and delivery of nursing care that is based on the implications of growth and development are discussed, and have relevance for all allied healthcare professionals caring for pediatric kidney transplant recipients and their parents. Allied healthcare professionals in adult settings who provide care to recipients who received a transplant before the age of 18 may also benefit from reviewing this article.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of Pleistophora carpocapsae and P. schubergi microsporidians on the growth, development and mortality of lackey moth caterpillars].

The microsporidian Pleistophora carpocapsae does not influence the growth, development and mortality of its host--the caterpiller Malacosoma neustria L. On the other hand P. schubergi causes sireous desturbances of the insects functions: stimulation of growth just after the infection, its opression and retardation of development during the next stage of the disease. All this results in the fatal end.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Modulation of FGF-2 binding to chondrocytes from the developing growth plate by perlecan.

FGF-2 is a regulator of chondrocyte proliferation in the developing growth plate and has been shown to bind to perlecan, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan. We evaluated the effect of perlecan isolated from the growth plate on the binding of FGF-2 to its low and high affinity receptors on resting and proliferating chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were isolated by pronase/collagenase digestion of 1 mm thick slices from the resting and proliferating zones of fetal bovine ribs and were plated in serum-free DMEM. Chondrocytes maintained their zone-specific level of DNA and matrix synthesis over a two-day culture period. The collagen, aggrecan, and perlecan components of the matrix produced were associated with the cell layer and were secreted into the medium. Most of the perlecan made by the chondrocytes was secreted into the medium. Western blots showed medium perlecan to contain two high molecular weight core proteins and overlay assays showed only the large core protein bound FGF-2. Cell layer perlecan contained only the smaller core protein. Immunoprecipitation assays of media showed that the medium perlecan bound (125)I-FGF-2, that the bound FGF-2 was eluted from perlecan by 2 M NaCl at pH 7.4, and that this binding was eliminated by prior digestion with heparatinase. This indicates that the perlecan secreted into the medium is a low affinity receptor for FGF-2. (125)I-FGF-2 also bound to the chondrocytes in cell culture. Competition studies showed exogenous FGF-2 reduced (125)I-FGF-2 binding to high affinity receptor but not the low affinity receptor in the cell layer. Exogenous perlecan, however, reduced (125)I-FGF-2 binding to both the low and the high affinity receptors in the cell layer by approximately 60%. The results suggest that perlecan made by growth plate chondrocytes is a low affinity receptor for FGF-2 and acts to sequester FGF-2 away from the high affinity receptor.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Growth, development and nutritional status in Japanese children under 2 years on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

We examined the growth, development and nutritional status over a period of 10 years of 15 young children (< 2 years old) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). There were 6 males and 9 females with a mean age of 12.5 months, mean weight of 6.3 kg, mean height of 66.2 cm at the start of CAPD and a mean duration of therapy of 2.6 years. Height, weight, head circumference, development quotient (DQ), blood chemistry and dietary intake were assessed over a period of 10 years. The patients' mean height standard deviation score (SDS) did not change significantly (from -2.51 to -2.74) during CAPD therapy. The mean growth velocity index (GVI) during CAPD was 76.5% and correlated positively with energy intake but not with protein intake. The mean DQ was low (67.0%) at the start of CAPD and 69.3% at the end of CAPD. DQ did not correlate with energy intake, GVI, head circumference SDS or with the weight/height ratio; however, 2 patients with low DQ (< 60%) had a low energy intakes. Although most patients had a low DQ, the IQ at 5-6 years of age was normal in all patients except 1 without cerebral disease. Our study showed minimal growth (delta SDS) and mental developmental (IQ) delays during CAPD therapy, but an adequate nutritional intake must be assured to obtain the above results.

Blood Proteins↗
PubMed2002

A quantitative analysis of sutural contributions to variability in back vertex distance and transmittance in rabbit lenses as a function of development, growth, and age.

PURPOSE: To correlate specific parameters of lens structure (anterior and posterior suture branch length and planar area) with variability in back vertex distance (BVD) and scatter in rabbit lenses as a function of development, growth, and age. METHODS: Lenses from juvenile (n = 9), adult (n = 9), and aged (n = 10) New Zealand White rabbits were utilized in this study. After sacrifice, lens suture patterns were photographed using a stereo surgical dissecting microscope. Within 5 min of sacrifice, average BVD, variability in BVD, and scatter were assessed with a Scantox In Vitro Assay System. Laser beams were passed incrementally along anterior and posterior suture planes through right eye (oculus dexter, OD) lenses, and between suture planes through left eye (oculus sinister, OS) lenses. After fixation, lens axial dimensions and suture branch lengths were assessed and used to create scaled, 3-dimensional computer assisted drawings (3-D CADs) depicting gross lens shape and sutural changes throughout life. RESULTS: Whereas average BVD only increased significantly as a function of growth, variability in BVD only increased significantly as a function of aging. However, anterior sutures exerted a greater influence on variability of BVD than posterior sutures throughout growth and aging. This difference is consistent with anterior suture branches being longer, or extending farther peripherally, than posterior sutures. Scatter was essentially unchanged between juvenile and adult lenses but significantly increased in aged lenses. Notably, posterior sutures effected a greater age-related increase in scatter than anterior sutures. This difference was consistent with the formation of numerous small, posterior subbranches and subplanes later in life. Structural analysis also suggested that asymmetric age-related lens compaction had occurred, predominantly affecting posterior lens dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Lens sutures significantly influence average BVD throughout development and growth, and variability in BVD throughout aging. In addition, even though the rabbit lenses appeared transparent throughout growth and aging, unequal length and area of anterior vs. posterior suture branches and planes respectively, as well as a greater degree of age-related posterior lens compaction, were factors contributing to increased scatter.

Aging↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fragile X syndrome: growth, development, and intellectual function.

We collected data on growth, psychomotor development, speech and language development, and intellectual function on a cohort of 100 males with the fragile X chromosome and 95 carrier females. The data include information on prenatal growth (33 males), growth during the preadult years (32 males), psychomotor development during the first 2 years (25 males), speech and language development (15 males and 5 females), and intellectual function (93 males, 33 females, and 10 obligate carriers who were cytogenetically normal). Birth measurements appeared normal when plotted on the Usher/McLean curves of newborn infants (mean head circumference - OFC - at 40th centile, length at 60th centile and weight at 55th centile). Following birth, OFC rose above the 50th percentile and continued above average throughout the preadult years, whereas average length was above average for the first 5 years only and weight did not deviate from the normal mean. Psychomotor development lagged behind the norm from birth with affected males requiring nearly twice as long as expected to sit alone, walk unassisted, and say first words clearly. All males and females studied had significant language delay; all except one male had abnormalities of articulation. All on whom a clear voice sample was obtained had low voice pitch, and 80% had a hoarse or harsh quality of voice. Five males had word repetitions or perseverative speech during the preadult years. The mean IQ of the 93 males studied was 33 and regression analysis demonstrated a decrease in intellectual performance with age. Four fifths of the female carriers who expressed the fra(X) had intellectual performance in the mentally retarded range and showed similar decrease in performance with age. Obligate female carriers who did not express the fra(X) site had normal IQs (IQ 102 +/- 13.3).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Growth, development and allometry of Philophthalmus nocturnus in the eyes of domestic chicks.

Fifty day-old chicks were each infected with 10 excysted metacercariae of Philophthalmus nocturnus Looss, 1907 around each orbit and growth, development and allometry were studied. The growth rate showed two phases over a period of 35 days, a limited lag phase lasting two days post-infection in which flukes did not exceed 440 microns in length, and a rapid phase during which growth was rapid and flukes reached a size of 3.008-3.504 mm on day 35. Five developmental stages were noticed during the course of development of the metacercaria to the egg-producing adult stage. Eggs appeared in the uterus on day 14 and oculate miracidia on day 25. The hindbody, testes and ovary showed positive allometric growth, the pharnyx less so, whereas negative allometric growth was shown by the forebody. Body width, oral sucker and ventral sucker were close to isometry, growing at the same rate as the body length.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Characteristics of growth, development and metabolism of algae Closteriopsis acicularis with limited cellular supply of nitrogen in human biological life support system].

The growth, development and metabolism of a new form of green unicellular algae Closteriopsis acicularis were investigated from the point of view of their potential use in the biological life support system (BLSS). Their growth and biochemical characteristics were studied as a function of nitrogen supply. During the nitrogen-deficiency cultivation the growth rate remained unchanged, cell division and biomass increment was uncoupled, and carbohydrate formation was predominant. The content of carbohydrates increased at the expense of assimilable fractions, particularly starch. These data can be used in the selection of an optimum nitrogen level for the case of algal continuous cultivation, in the calculation of material flow charts, and in the development of diets that can be provided by a BLSS incorporating Closteriopsis acicularis.

Carbohydrate Metabolism↗
PubMed2000

Temporospatial expression of tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases-1, -2 and -3 during development, growth and aging of the mouse skeleton.

Proteolytic degradation of collagen-rich extracellular matrices is a key feature in the development, growth and aging of skeleton. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes capable of performing this function, whereas tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) are believed to play an important role in regulating their activity. To better understand the roles of TIMP-1, -2 and -3, we have studied their mRNA levels in several different mouse tissues with special emphasis on the skeleton and the developing eye. A systematic analysis of TIMP-1, -2 and -3 mRNA levels in mouse knee joints during growth and aging demonstrated markedly different expression patterns for each TIMP. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed several time-dependent changes in the distribution of TIMP-1 and -2 in articular and growth cartilages, synovial tissue and bone. The data suggest that upon aging synovial tissue becomes the major source of synovial fluid TIMPs. In articular cartilage these inhibitors were mainly found in the deep layer and in subchondral bone. Compared with epiphyseal growth plate, the amounts of TIMP-1 and -2 in articular cartilage were quite low. These findings suggest that the capacity of articular cartilage chondrocytes to inhibit MMP activities by local production of TIMPs is limited, which may be of consequence during osteoarthritic cartilage degeneration.

Aging↗
PubMed2002

[Effects of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation on growth development and yield formation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)].

Effect of enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation (280-320 nm) on growth, development and yield formation in the three rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) under pot conditions were investigated. The results showed that enhanced ultraviolet-B radiation decreased rice height, tiller number, total leaf area and biomass, but the inhibitory rate varied in different cultivars and developmental stages. Plant height was decreased by 9.4%-12.2% in seedling stage, plant shoot and root of dry matter were decreased by 45.3%-59.8% and 54.9%-59.0% respectively in tillering period. The leaf emergence delayed, resulting in delayed time of flowering in Shanyou 63, Nanchuan and IR65600-85 by 2d, 3d and 7d, prolonged total growth period by 3d, 4d and 9d. Net photosynthesis rate of Shanyou 63, Nanchuan and IR65600-85 were decreased by 11.9%, 12.8% and 29.7%, respectively. Attributed to decreased contents of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoid and induction kinetics parameters of Fv, Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo. Effective panicle per plant, total grain number per panicle, filled grain rate and 1000-grain weight were decreased by enhanced UV-B radiation. Consequently the grain yields were reduced by 25.2%-31.1%.

Biomass↗
PubMed2004

[Effects of soil available silicon on growth, development and physiological functions of soybean].

Soybean plants were planted in pots to investigate the effects of soil available silicon on their growth, development and physiological functions. When the content of soil available silicon was 55.1-202.8 mg.kg-1, the protease and lipase activities of germinating seed were increased with increasing soil available silicon content, amylase activity had no obvious change, and the respiration rate of seedlings was accelerated. The bioactivity of seed was increased, but the germination rate had no significant change. The photosynthesis rate, root activity, and nitrate reductase activity of soybean seedlings were enhanced, but the chlorophyll content in leaves had no significant change during seedling growth. The transpiration rate was decreased, while the water utilization efficiency and leaf water content were increased, and the capacity of drought-resistance was promoted. When the available silicon content was > 202.8 mg.kg-1, the abovementioned physiological functions had no significant changes. There was a positively linear relationship between the silicon content in soybean seedlings and the available silicon content in soil (r = 0.994). It could be concluded that the silicon absorbed from soil improved the physiological functions of soybean germinating seed and seedlings. As a result, the seed germination and seedlings growth rate were enhanced.

Germination↗
PubMed1989

The growth, development and education of Finnish twins: a longitudinal follow-up study in a birth cohort from pregnancy to nineteen years of age.

The growth, development and vocation of 289 twins in a one year birth cohort beginning during pregnancy and followed up to the age of 19 years was compared with that of 11,623 singletons and two sets of controls matched either by maternal factors only or by these and perinatal morbidity, all from the same cohort. The twins were more often pre-term and small for their gestational age, and had more often suffered from perinatal asphyxia, neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and hypoglycemia. They had learned to walk without support later than the singletons and the controls matched only by maternal factors, but this difference did not exist between the twins and the controls also matched by perinatal morbidity. The same kind of result was found when studying the number of words spoken at the age of one year and physical growth at the ages of 1 and 14 years. The twins did not differ significantly from the singletons during their compulsory nine years of primary and secondary schooling. According to the national registers of vocational choices, the twins had applied for admission to further education courses less often than the singletons or their controls matched only by maternal factors, but not when compared with the controls also matched by perinatal morbidity. Logistic regression analysis revealed numerous perinatal or environmental factors having an adverse effect on educational achievements, but the twin situation itself was not shown to have adverse effects. About half of the same-sex twin pairs and one seventh of the opposite-sex pairs had chosen the same vocation, compared with just over 10% similarity between the twins and their controls.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Effects of an azasteroid on growth, development and reproduction of the free-living nematodes Caenorhabditis briggsae and Panagrellus redivivus.

The azasteroid, 25-azacoprostane (ASA-6), was evaluated for its effects on the growth, development and reproduction of the free-living nematodes, Caenorhabditis briggsae and Panagrellus redivivus. The axenic culture medium for either species of nematode consisted of Caenorhabditis briggsae Maintenance Medium (CbMM): formalin-killed Escherichia coli (1:1) with or without the addition of 5 micrograms cholesterol per ml and/or 25 micrograms ASA-6 per ml medium. All cultures also contained 50 micrograms Tween 80 per ml medium. After two generations of growth in sterol-deficient media, both species displayed a decrease in mean length, a decrease in the percent development to the adult stage and an inhibition of reproductive capability. These effects were more apparent in the sterol-deficient medium containing ASA-6. In the presence of cholesterol and ASA-6, growth and reproduction of C. briggsae, but not of P. redivivus, was inhibited after five generations. Morphologic abnormalities of azasteroid-inhibited worms were similar to those shown by worms cultured in sterol-deficient medium. These results suggest that different species of nematodes may exhibit different responses to azasteroid and that sterol utilization and metabolism may vary between nematode species. In addition, the similarities between the known effects of azasteroid inhibition in insects and those presented in this study on nematodes suggest a similar mechanism of action by the inhibitor in both groups of organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Differential effects of hydrocortisone on aspartate aminotransferase isoenzymes of the liver of rats during growth, development, and senescence.

The activity and induction patterns of the isoenzymes of aspartate aminotransferase (AsAT) of the liver of male rats during growth, development, and senescence were studied. The activity of both the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial isoenzymes increased significantly until adulthood and remained constant thereafter. Adrenalectomy decreased, and hydrocortisone administration increased, the activity of the cytoplasmic AsAT of the liver of young-immature, adult, and senescent rats. However, the degree of these responses decreased with increasing age of the animal. The hormone-mediated induction of this isoenzyme is actinomycin D-sensitive. Mitochondrial AsAT on the other hand is irresponsive towards these treatments throughout the life span of the rat.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Human genetic insights into skeletal development, growth, and homeostasis.

This current study describes how human genetic approaches are used to identify and understand the roles of genes and their protein products, during skeletal development, growth, and homeostasis. Searches for the genes responsible for brachydactyly, symphalangism, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, and camptodactyly-arthropathy syndrome are presented to exemplify these approaches. The important role of the orthopaedic surgeon in this process is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Responses of spring wheat to elevated CO2 and their effects on Sitobion avenae aphid growth, development and reproduction].

The study on the responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) potted in open-top chamber to elevated CO2 (542.1 +/- 24.8 and 738.8.0 +/- 25.7 microl x L(-1) vs. 382.4 +/- 24.8 microl x L(-1)) and their effects on Sitobion avenae aphid growth, development and reproduction showed that elevated CO2 was advantageous for spring wheat growth. In treatments 550 and 750 microl CO2 x L(-1), the plant height during May 5 approximately June 14 increased by 2.80% approximately 14.92% and 6.30% approximately 17.56%, and leaf area per plant during April 30 approximately June 19 increased by 5.68% approximately 50.52% and 6.14% approximately 83.45%, respectively, compared with CK. The DC50 and DC75 were brought forward about 0.39 and 0.53 d for treatment 550 microl CO2 x L(-1), and 0.90 and 1.02 d for treatment 750 microl CO2 x L(-1), respectively. Moreover, the stem, leaf, ear and above-ground biomass also had some increase under elevated CO2. Compared with CK, a significant increase of ear length (0.56% and 3.20%) and grain number per ear (12.5% and 18%), but a significant decrease of 1000-grain dry weight (2.23% and 6.34%) were observed for treatments 550 and 750 microl CO2 x L(-1), respectively. With increasing CO2, the chemical constituents in ear, such as glucose, disaccharide, amylose and TSCs/nitrogen ratio increased significantly, while fructose, trisaccharide and total nitrogen decreased significantly. CO2 elevation shortened the preoviposition duration and longevity of S. avenae, and increased the number of offspring per female aphid and mean relative growth rate (MRGR). Compared with CK, the MRGR increased 33.26% in treatment 550 microl CO2 x L(-1), and 74.34% in treatment 750 microl CO2 x L(-1). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the MAGR of S. avenae and the TSCs/nitrogen ratio of spring wheat ear.

Animals↗