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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Effects of polyvinyl alcohol administered in the diet to rats on fertility, early embryonic development, growth and development.

PVA was administered in the diet to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats (26/sex/group) at doses of 0, 2000, 3500 and 5000 mg/kg/day for two generations. The study design assessed gonadal function, estrous cycle, mating behavior, conception, gestation, parturition, lactation, weaning, and growth and development of F(1) and F(2) offspring. Parental rats were treated for 70 days prior to mating, throughout mating, gestation and lactation until sacrifice. Clinical observations, body weights and feed consumption were recorded routinely. Dietary concentrations were adjusted for each sex on a weekly basis except during gestation and lactation, to provide the intended mg/kg/day PVA levels. Pups were weighed routinely and weaned at 21 days of age prior to selection for the next generation. Unformed stool was noted predominately at the 3500 and 5000 mg/kg/day levels in P(0) and F(1) parental animals. This finding was attributed to the high levels of PVA being fed and subsequently excreted in the stool. Slight decreases in the mean body weights of P(0) males were noted at 2000 and 5000 mg/kg/day. Feed consumption was elevated at the 3500 and 5000 mg/kg/day doses in both generations but not during either lactation period. These increases generally were observed in a dose-related manner (g/kg/day), as a result of the large amount of PVA being consumed to maintain the caloric intake necessary for normal growth. There were no effects of PVA on P(0), F(1) male or female reproductive performance or pup survival, growth, organ weights, and macroscopic or microscopic observations at doses of 2000, 3500 and 5000 mg/kg/day. Therefore the no-observed-effect level (NOAEL) is 5000 mg/kg/day for both parental and offspring in this reproductive study.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Constitutional delay of growth and pubertal development: growth hormone secretory pattern and possible therapy.

Constitutional delay of growth and pubertal development is a frequent cause of short stature. These children have a significant retardation of skeletal age and delayed sexual development. They generally maintain a normal growth curve and tend to attain normal adult height. Although children with constitutional delay of growth are believed to have no medical or endocrine abnormality to explain their short stature, some controversy regarding their growth hormone secretory status has recently surfaced; some authors have reported low growth hormone levels to provocative stimuli and decreased growth hormone secretion during sleep, as well as low somatomedin C values in some children with constitutional delay of growth. Others, however, have found the growth hormone secretory status to be normal and similar to that of a control population. The implications of these findings, particularly in regard to possible forms of therapy, are discussed in some detail.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Mathematic modeling of fetal growth: development of individual growth curve standards.

To provide a more precise means for monitoring individual fetal growth and to improve the detection of growth abnormalities, the Rossavik growth model [P = c(t)k + s(t)] has been used to establish individual growth curve standards. A longitudinal study of the growth of one-dimensional (biparietal diameter, head, and abdominal circumferences), two-dimensional (head and abdominal profile areas), and three-dimensional (head and abdominal volumes) parameters in 18 normal fetuses has revealed that the growth of all parameters can be well-described by the Rossavik model (R2: 97.2 to 99.5%). Strong statistical evidence was obtained indicating that the coefficient k is principally a geometric coefficient having a value determined primarily by the dimension of the parameter being studied. It was also found that the coefficients c and s can be estimated from the data obtained before 28 weeks' conceptual age. Individual growth curve models derived from data obtained before 28 weeks were capable of predicting growth beyond 28 weeks. These models provide growth curve standards for evaluating individual fetal growth beyond 28 weeks.

Embryonic and Fetal Development↗
PubMed2005

Recovery of maize seedling growth, development and photosynthetic efficiency after initial growth at low temperature.

In order to investigate the mechanisms of maize adaptation to temperate climate, we studied photosynthetic efficiency, as evaluated by means of phiPSII and chloroplast ultrastructure, as well as growth and development of two inbred lines (the chilling-tolerant KW 1074 and the chilling-sensitive CM 109) under laboratory conditions. Plants were grown from seed to the 3rd leaf stage at a suboptimal temperature (14 degrees C/ 12 degrees C) and then the temperature was increased to 24 degrees C/22 degrees C. To verify the results obtained with the two model lines, twelve inbred lines were tested under both laboratory and field conditions. Initial growth at low temperature affected the chloroplast ultrastructure and photosynthetic efficiency, and this was more pronounced in CM 109 than in KW 1074 plants. The differences between the two lines were particularly pronounced in leaf 5. One week after the onset of favourable conditions, mesophyll chloroplast grana in the CM 109 line were small and thylakoids were developed only poorly. Also, thylakoids in bundle sheath chloroplasts were less frequent in CM 109 than in KW 1074. However, two weeks after the temperature increase, the ultrastructure of chloroplasts of the 5th leaf no longer differed distinctly between the two lines. One should note that in both lines, only the 7th and younger leaves reached a chloroplast ultrastructure and phiPSII indistinguishable from those of control plants. In general, the recovery of photosynthetic efficiency followed the development of leaves. It was delayed in the CM 109 more than in the KW 1074 inbred line relative to control plants grown continuously at the optimal temperature. The growth difference of 2-3 days between the two lines persisted even after the growth temperature was elevated. This suggested that the primary factor responsible for the different chilling-sensitivities of the two model lines was leaf development and the differences in development of the photosynthetic apparatus had only a secondary role. The delay in leaf development appeared as early as the stage of the 1st leaf. The same delay was observed when only the shoot apex was cooled. The importance for further recovery of the early stages of morphogenesis was confirmed by a correlation of Laboratory and field data that were obtained using a set of 12 inbred lines. Our results suggest that early stages of shoot morphogenesis determine the duration of the vegetative phase in cool regions, since the delay in growth at a low temperature cannot be compensated for during later growth at a higher temperature.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1994

The role of vitamin A in child growth, development and survival.

Vitamin A is essential for growth, development and survival. For children in deprived settings an adequate vitamin A status may be more critical to survival protection than to growth and development. During infancy breast milk from malnourished mothers is protective against the development of xerophthalmia; it needs to be complemented after six months by other dietary sources of vitamin A to provide full health protection. Correcting the low vitamin A content of breast milk from malnourished mothers within the first four weeks of delivery by a high dose oral vitamin A supplement can be an effective short-term preventive strategy while efforts are made to improve the dietary intake for the long-term solution.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Influence of Species of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Phosphorus Nutrition on Growth, Development, and Mineral Nutrition of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Growth, development, and mineral physiology of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants in response to infection by three species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and different levels of P nutrition were characterized. P deficiency in no-P and low-P (0.5 mM) nonmycorrhizal plants developed between 28 and 84 d after planting. By 84 d after planting, P deficiency decreased plant relative growth rate such that no-P and low-P plants had, respectively, 65 and 45% less dry mass and 76 and 55% less total P than plants grown with high P (2.5 mM). A severe reduction in leaf area was also evident, because P deficiency induced a restriction of lateral bud growth and leaf expansion and, also, decreased the relative plant allocation of dry matter to leaf growth. Root growth was less influenced by P deficiency than either leaf or stem growth. Moreover, P-deficient plants accumulated a higher proportion of total available P than high-P plants, indicating that P stress had enhanced root efficiency of P acquisition. Plant P deficiency did not alter the shoot concentration of N, K, Mg, or Fe; however, the total accumulation of these mineral nutrients in shoots of P-stressed plants was substantially less than that of high-P plants. P uptake by roots was enhanced by each of the VAM symbionts by 56 d after planting and at all levels of abiotic P supply. Species differed in their ability to colonize roots and similarly to produce a plant growth response. In this regard, Glomus intraradices (Schenck and Smith) enhanced plant growth the most, whereas Glomus dimorphicum (Boyetchko and Tewari) was least effective, and Glomus mosseae ([Nicol. and Gerd.] Gerd. and Trappe) produced an intermediate growth response. The partial alleviation of P deficiency in no-P and low-P plants by VAM fungi stimulated uptake of N, K, Mg, Fe, and Zn. VAM fungi enhanced shoot concentrations of P, N, and Mg by 28 d after planting and, through a general improvement of overall plant mineral nutrition, promoted plant growth and development.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

Growth, development and health from early fetal life until young adulthood: the Generation R Study.

In this paper the Generation R Study is presented. This study examines growth, development and health in urban children from fetal life until young adulthood. With an integrated approach of epidemiological, clinical and basic research, it focuses on four primary areas of research: (1) growth and physical development; (2) behavioural and cognitive development; (3) diseases in childhood; and (4) health and health care for pregnant women and children. The general aims of the study are: 1. to describe normal and abnormal growth, development and health from fetal life until young adulthood in a multiethnic population-based cohort; 2. to identify biological, social and environmental determinants of normal and abnormal growth, development and health from fetal life until adulthood; 3. to examine the utilisation and effectiveness of current strategies for prevention and early identification of groups at risk. Eventually, this study will contribute to the development of strategies for optimising health and health care for pregnant women and children. The Generation R Study is a prospective population-based cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. In this urban setting, 10 000 children will be examined from early fetal life until young adulthood. Data are collected by physical examinations, questionnaires, interviews, ultrasound and biological samples. The study entered its pilot phase to test the logistics in December 2001. Full participant recruitment and complete data collection started in 2002.

Child Development↗
PubMed2003

BIG-3, a novel WD-40 repeat protein, is expressed in the developing growth plate and accelerates chondrocyte differentiation in vitro.

Among the local signaling pathways that regulate the sequential steps of chondrocyte differentiation is the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. We have identified a novel gene, named BIG-3 (BMP-2-induced gene 3 kb) that is expressed in a BMP-regulated fashion in the prechondroblastic cell line MLB13MYC clone 17. BIG-3 is also expressed in proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes in the developing growth plate in vivo. We undertook studies to address whether BIG-3 played a functional role in chondrocyte differentiation, using mouse clonal chondrogenic ATDC5 cells. BIG-3 protein levels increased during ITS (insulin, transferrin, sodium selenite)-induced ATDC5 differentiation and in response to BMP-2 treatment. To determine whether stable expression of BIG-3 could alter the program of chondrocytic differentiation, ATDC5 cells were stably transfected with the full-length coding region of BIG-3 (ATDC5-BIG-3) or with the empty vector (ATDC5-EV). Accelerated matrix proteoglycan synthesis was observed in the pooled ATDC5-BIG-3 clones. Alkaline phosphatase and osteopontin mRNA levels were also increased in ATDC5-BIG-3 clones compared with ATDC5-EV clones. Stable expression of BIG-3 also accelerated mineralized matrix formation in both the presence and absence of ITS. These findings, which demonstrate that BIG-3 accelerates chondrocyte differentiation in vitro, combined with the observation that BIG-3 is expressed in the growth plate during embryonic development, suggest that this novel protein is likely to play an in vivo regulatory role in the developing growth plate.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Growth, development, and aging of orofacial tissues: neural aspects.

Neural factors influence post-natal growth, development, and aging throughout the body. This influence may be mediated through sensory or motor effects interacting with endocrine and immunological factors. Growth effects may be expressed directly by sensory or motor nerves on the tissue or indirectly by motor function. Direct neutrotrophic effects have been well-documented in the development of striated muscle, the taste bud, and the amphibian limb. Evidence for a trigeminal neurotrophic effect on tooth development and facial development is lacking. Growth disturbances of the jaws consequent to lesioning of the trigeminal nerve are due most likely to functional disturbances rather than neutrotrophism. Examples of function impact on orofacial growth are abundant. Oral and facial target tissues, like those elsewhere in the body, determine the nature of the target tissue innervation and its central organization. Central effects consequent to tooth loss or dental pulp entirpation are well-documented. Inflammation and pain may exert growth effects through release of "wound hormones" or secondarily to somatic and autonomic effects. There is evidence that vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) elaborated from sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons may have a modulatory role in growth. While the effects of longstanding motor pathologies on skeletal growth are well-known, concomitant sensory deficits and soft tissue disturbances have not been examined. However, the pathological models beg the question of normal regulation. While muscle develops in the absence of innervation, neurotrophic effects are clearly identified. Little is known about the interaction of simple and complex motor behavior on growth. Regulation of growth is frequently visualized within a form-function paradigm. For example, anterior open bites have been seen as the consequence of tongue thrusting or tongue thrusting as a consequence of open bites. Low tonic forces in posture are thought to be more important in the development of both the face and the dental alveolar complex than the higher intermittent forces in mastication and swallowing. The need for an active (reflex) contribution to growth at the TMJ is in dispute.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Face↗
PubMed1997

Effect of marginal zinc deficiency on human growth and development.

Growth and development disorders in humans caused by zinc (Zn) deficiency have been investigated for a long time. Although marginal Zn deficiency is a common nutritional problem around the world, especially in the children of developing countries where diets have less Zn available, it is difficult to identify. This review provides the progression of studies in the effect of Zn deficiency on human growth and development, and also explains the possible mechanisms of how Zn promotes these phenomena. These mechanisms involve the effects of Zn on DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, and cell division. The concept of zn-finger proteins explains the role of Zn in gene expression and endocrine function. Findings indicate that Zn deficiency can result in delayed growth and development which can be corrected in part by Zn supplementation.

Child↗
PubMed2000

The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-I system: implications for organ growth and development.

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are essential for normal growth and development during embryonic stages as well as postnatally. While GH has little effect on these processes prenatally, the IGFs are important during these stages. On the other hand the GH-IGF-I axis is important for pubertal growth. To determine whether postnatal growth and development are dependent on circulating or locally produced IGF-I, we deleted the IGF-I gene in the liver using the cre/LoxP system used for tissue-specific gene deletion. These animals demonstrated approximately 75%-80% reduction in circulating IGF-I and an approximate fourfold increase in circulating GH. Despite the marked reductions in circulating IGF-I, growth and development was apparently normal. Thus the original somatomedin hypothesis needs to be re-evaluated in the light of these new findings.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

[Head circumference and brain development. Growth retardation during intrauterine malnutrition and catch-up growth mechanisms (author's transl)].

Today the close correlation between head circumference growth and brain development in the last weeks of gestation and in the first two years of life is no longer disputed. A recently developed formula even allows for calculations of brain weight based upon head circumference data. Between the ages of 32 postmenstrual weeks and six months after expected date of delivery there is a period of very rapid brain growth in which the weight of the brain quadruples. During this growth spurt there exists an increased vulnerability by unfavorable environmental conditions, such as malnutrition and psychosocial deprivation. The erroneous belief still being prevalent that the brain of the fetus and young infant is spared by malnutrition, can be looked upon as disproved by new research results. Severe malnutrition during the brain growth spurt is thought to be a very important non-genetic factor influencing the development of the central nervous system (CNS) and therewith intellectual performance. In the past a permanent growth retardation of head circumference and a reduced intellectual capacity usually was observed in small-for-gestational age infants (SGA). Nowadays, however, there can be found also proofs of successful catch-up growth of head circumference and normal intellectual development after early and high-energy postnatal feeding of SGA infants. The development of SGA infants of even very low birth weight can be supported in such a way that it takes a normal course by providing good environmental conditions, such as appropriate nutrition - especially during the early growth period - and a stimulating environment with abundant attention by the mother.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Pediatric kidney transplantation: growth, development, and nursing implications.

The complex issues related to the growth and development of pediatric kidney transplant recipients are explored in this paper. We divide the pediatric population into 3 age groups--toddlers and preschoolers, school age children, and adolescents--and review the literature describing growth and development in kidney transplant recipients and the normal population briefly for each age group. Planning and delivery of nursing care that is based on the implications of growth and development are discussed, and have relevance for all allied healthcare professionals caring for pediatric kidney transplant recipients and their parents. Allied healthcare professionals in adult settings who provide care to recipients who received a transplant before the age of 18 may also benefit from reviewing this article.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of Pleistophora carpocapsae and P. schubergi microsporidians on the growth, development and mortality of lackey moth caterpillars].

The microsporidian Pleistophora carpocapsae does not influence the growth, development and mortality of its host--the caterpiller Malacosoma neustria L. On the other hand P. schubergi causes sireous desturbances of the insects functions: stimulation of growth just after the infection, its opression and retardation of development during the next stage of the disease. All this results in the fatal end.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Growth, development and nutritional status in Japanese children under 2 years on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.

We examined the growth, development and nutritional status over a period of 10 years of 15 young children (< 2 years old) on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). There were 6 males and 9 females with a mean age of 12.5 months, mean weight of 6.3 kg, mean height of 66.2 cm at the start of CAPD and a mean duration of therapy of 2.6 years. Height, weight, head circumference, development quotient (DQ), blood chemistry and dietary intake were assessed over a period of 10 years. The patients' mean height standard deviation score (SDS) did not change significantly (from -2.51 to -2.74) during CAPD therapy. The mean growth velocity index (GVI) during CAPD was 76.5% and correlated positively with energy intake but not with protein intake. The mean DQ was low (67.0%) at the start of CAPD and 69.3% at the end of CAPD. DQ did not correlate with energy intake, GVI, head circumference SDS or with the weight/height ratio; however, 2 patients with low DQ (< 60%) had a low energy intakes. Although most patients had a low DQ, the IQ at 5-6 years of age was normal in all patients except 1 without cerebral disease. Our study showed minimal growth (delta SDS) and mental developmental (IQ) delays during CAPD therapy, but an adequate nutritional intake must be assured to obtain the above results.

Blood Proteins↗