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PubMed2002

AIDS, partner notification and gender issues.

The interplay between public health, human rights, legal obligations and physicians' ethical concerns was revealed dramatically in Israel in recent cases involving reporting of the HIV positive status of patients. This paper reviews and critically analyses the decision-making process of Israeli Ethics Committees regarding HIV partner notification. One aim of this analysis is to suggest principles that may guide the decision in such cases. It is argued that the resolution concerning disclosure to partners be based on the Principle of Proportionality, taking into account the type of relationship between partner and patient, their cultural background and gender issues. The paper demonstrates the advantages of addressing such issues by professional multidisciplinary Ethics Committees, whose decisions can bring to bear the scope of relevant considerations.

Confidentiality↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender issues and partner preferences among a sample of emergency medical technicians.

INTRODUCTION: From its beginnings, the provision of emergency medical services in the United States has been a male-dominated occupation. The objective of this exploratory study was to determine if and how such issues might influence partner preferences of male and female emergency medical technicians (EMTs). METHODS: Initially, unstructured interviews were conducted with 10 EMS workers enrolled in a paramedic training program in order to see whether and how such issues might affect partner preferences. From the data obtained during these interviews, a questionnaire was developed and distributed to participants in an annual meeting of Louisiana Association of Nationally Registered EMTs. Participation was voluntary and uncompensated. RESULTS: A total of 49 EMTs (22 women, 27 men) completed the questionnaire. The major gender-related issues could be classified into three dimensions: 1) physical strength; 2) assumption of authoritative roles; and 3) structural (organizational) preparedness to implement gender--friendly working environment. In general, the gender of a partner now "makes no difference". CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the EMS work worlds are reflective of the larger society of which they are a part. Now is the time for EMS systems to examine the gendered nature of their organization and of the issues of gendered expectations prevalent in EMS work. Future research should document the changes now due in the field of emergency medical services.

Allied Health Personnel↗
PubMed2002

Gender issues in youth suicidal behaviour.

There are gender differences in youth suicidal behaviour that are evident in childhood and persist throughout adolescence and young adulthood. In Western countries, young females are twice as likely as males to report suicidal ideation and suicide attempt behaviour. However, despite the fact that females make more suicide attempts, males are three- to fourfold more likely to die by suicide than females. This paper reviews the epidemiological evidence for gender differences in suicidal ideation, attempted suicide and completed suicide among young people and explores possible reasons for the observed differences. These reasons include differences in methods, intent, ascertainment, the cultural acceptability of suicide, psychopathology (including substance abuse, mood disorder, externalizing behaviours and propensity to violence), and psychosocial differences between males and females. While it is often suggested that gender differences in youth suicidal behaviour may be explained solely or predominantly by method choice, careful examination suggests that the issues are much more complex. In fact, females may enjoy more protection from suicide than males in a number of areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender issues in the management of irritable bowel syndrome.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome is a prevalent condition that affects more women than men. Theories as to its underlying pathophysiology are still evolving, but what appears clear is that women pose specific challenges to the management of this condition. Indeed, some issues specific to women are not necessarily part of routine care. Certain gender-related issues such as menses, fertility, pregnancy and menopause are often overlooked and mismanaged. Women have different psychological concerns as compared to men with regard to their self-image and impact of disease. Healthcare providers, regardless of their primary focus, should be aware of these differences and be familiar with general information.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The neurosurgical workforce in North America: a critical review of gender issues.

OBJECTIVE: The role of women in Western society has changed dramatically in the past several decades. Despite this, many gender disparities still exist for professionals in the health care sector. In neurosurgery, a disproportionately small percentage of the workforce in the United States and Canada is female. These figures are lower than most reported in other medical specialties. This review critically examines factors that may be influencing women's ability to advance in demanding subspecialties such as neurosurgery. METHODS: The literature on women in medicine, and surgery in particular, were reviewed to identify different issues facing women currently in practice in neurosurgery. In addition, the concerns of prospective trainees were examined. RESULTS: There remain many challenges for women entering neurosurgery, including unique lifestyle concerns, limited mentorship, out-dated career programs, and deep-seeded societal beliefs. Discrimination and harassment are also contributing factors. CONCLUSION: If neurosurgery is to continue to progress as a subspecialty, the issue of gender inequality needs to be scrutinized more closely. Innovative programs must be developed to meet the needs of current female faculty members and to ensure attracting the brightest individuals of both genders into a career in neurosurgery.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2004

Multiple sclerosis gender issues: clinical practices of women neurologists.

Substantially more women than men develop multiple sclerosis (MS), but information about the effects of MS and gender-specific issues such as pregnancy, breastfeeding, menstruation and hormone use is lacking. A survey study of neurologists' practice patterns was undertaken to elicit information about gender-specific topics and the use of disease-modifying MS therapies (DMT) including the interferons and glatiramer acetate (GA). A total of 147 surveys were returned. Half of respondents require patients to discontinue DMT during pregnancy, while 35% encourage discontinuation. Among those who allow patients to continue therapy, half consider GA to be safer during pregnancy than the interferons. Nearly 86% of respondents do not use DMT in patients who are breastfeeding. Among the 11% who actually prescribe during breastfeeding, most recommend GA. Neurologists generally leave the decision to breastfeed up to patients, and most refer patients to obstetrician/gynaecologists for counselling about contraception or hormone replacement therapy. The survey results described here provide insight into how neurologists manage reproductive health issues among women with MS.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender issues in the management of inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome.

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are two chronic inflammatory diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract. While many aspects of the management of these diseases are identical for all patients, there are some issues that are specific to women that are not necessarily part of routine care. Such gender-specific issues as menses, fertility, pregnancy and menopause are often overlooked and mismanaged. Women have different psychological concerns as compared with men with regard to their self-image and impact of disease. Health care providers, regardless of their primary focus, should be aware of these differences and be familiar with general information. Irritable bowel syndrome is a prevalent condition that affects more women than men. Theories as to its underlying pathophysiology are still evolving, but what does appear clear is that women pose specific challenges to the management of this condition.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2003

Gender issues and oral health in elderly Indians.

OBJECTIVES: Gender disparity in health and diseases is increasingly being recognised. Therefore, it was decided to investigate gender differences in the elderly subjects (60+years) from a community-based study. The study was undertaken to evaluate the oral health status and treatment needs of urban and rural elderly and to study the impact of socio-demographic variables on them. STUDY DESIGN: An urban area in South Delhi and its adjoining four villages was selected. A modified WHO-Oral Health Survey proforma and Rup-Nagpal's scale were used to record oral health and socio-demographic data respectively. In addition, diet pattern (vegetarian/non-vegetarian) and body mass index (BMI) were also recorded. Chi square test and p values were calculated for each of the studied parameters. RESULTS: There were significant differences for socio-economic status, literacy level, marital and family status between elderly men and women (p<0.0001). A higher percentage of elderly women were vegetarian and overweight than elderly men (p<0.01). However, there were few differences found in the prevalence of dental caries, periodontal diseases and edentulousness between male and female elderly (p>0.01). The only difference found was in the evidence of previous dental treatment received. Elderly men had a higher percentage of filled teeth and denture wear compared to elderly women (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Women's oral health is significantly influenced by social, economic and psychological factors.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Men's issues: gender role conflict and substance abuse.

The present paper aims to explore issues related to men within the context of seeking help for substance abuse. The male gender role is in conflict with help-seeking behaviour and with the fundamental principles of therapy, i.e. introspection, emotional expressivity and acknowledgement of difficulties. This creates a paradox for the male seeking psychological treatment and, it will be argued, particularly for the male substance abuser. It is argued that interventions which address the gender role and challenge men's perceptions of themselves are critical variables in the outcome of therapy, i.e. enabling them to make the necessary changes in order to promote psychological well-being. An examination of the male gender role in relation to intrapsychic issues and family systems will be followed by a brief discussion of therapeutic interventions. Some of the difficulties and issues confronted by workers who work with male substance abusers will be explored.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender issues and Japanese family-centered caregiving for frail elderly parents or parents-in-law in modern Japan: from the sociocultural and historical perspectives.

This paper presents a sociocultural and historical literature review of gender related issues associated with family-centered caregiving for frail, elderly relatives in modern Japan. Issues addressed from a Japanese perspective are (a) women and social norms of caregiving, (b) feminine identity and caregiving, (c) women in the workforce, and (d) women and caregiving. Implications for research are also discussed.

Attitude to Health↗