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PubMed2005

Toxicological evaluation of glycerin as a cigarette ingredient.

Glycerin is applied to cigarette tobacco at levels in the range of about 1-5% to improve moisture holding characteristics of tobacco and act as a surface active agent for flavor application. Neat material pyrolysis studies, smoke chemistry and biological activity studies (bacterial mutagenicity, cytotoxicity, in vivo micronucleus, and sub-chronic rodent inhalation) with mainstream smoke, or mainstream smoke preparations from cigarettes containing various target levels (5%, 10%, and 15%) of the glycerin were performed to provide data for an assessment of the use of glycerin as a cigarette tobacco ingredient. The actual levels of glycerin in the respective test cigarettes were determined to be 3.2%, 6.2% and 8.4% after cigarette production. At simulated tobacco burning temperatures up to 900 degrees C, neat glycerin did not pyrolyze extensively suggesting that glycerin would transfer intact to mainstream smoke (smoke was not analyzed for glycerin in this study). On a tar basis, nicotine in smoke was significantly decreased at 10% and 15% glycerin while water was increased at all addition levels. Addition of 10% or 15% glycerin also resulted in a statistically significant increase in acrolein (9%) and a decrease in acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, aromatic amines, nitrogen oxides, tobacco specific nitrosamines, and phenols. Addition of 5% glycerin produced the same decrease in smoke constituents as the 10% and 15% groups but there was no concomitant increase in acrolein. Biological tests indicated no relevant differences in the genotoxic or cytotoxic potential of either mainstream smoke (or smoke preparations) from cigarettes with added glycerin compared to control cigarettes. Cigarette smoke atmosphere dilution, coupled with the lower nicotine delivery in the test cigarettes containing glycerin resulted in a lower nicotine delivery to the glycerin cigarette smoke exposed rats of the 90-day inhalation study. Smoke atmosphere acrolein was also reduced in a concentration-related manner. Incorporation of glycerin at target levels up to 15% did not produce any adverse effects in rats exposed for 90-days. The major observation in the study was a reduced biological activity of the smoke as indicated by a reduction in the severity and/or incidence of focal macrophage accumulation in the lungs and goblet cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy in the nose (level 1), and goblet cell staining depletion in the nose (level 1). The results of these studies with glycerin applied to cigarette tobacco suggest that adding glycerin to cigarette tobacco at typical use levels does not adversely alter the smoke chemistry or biological effects normally associated with exposure to mainstream cigarette smoke.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Pain and dermal reaction caused by injected glycerin in immunotherapy solutions.

BACKGROUND: Fifty percent glycerin preserves immunotherapy solution potency for at least 3 years but must be diluted before injection to reduce glycerin-induced pain and inflammation. We studied pain, erythema, induration, and bruises caused by glycerin (0% to 30%). METHODS: In 15 healthy subjects we compared, in double-blind fashion, pain scores, injection site erythema, induration, and bruising caused by subcutaneous injections in randomized order of 0.1, 0.5, and 1 ml of glycerin 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%. RESULTS: Injection volume did not significantly influence pain scores from diluent alone (0% glycerin) (p greater than 0.1). Pain scores of subjects given glycerin (0.1 to 1 ml, 10% to 30%) increased significantly as both injection volume (p less than 0.001) and glycerin concentration (p less than 0.001) increased. Pain scores correlated with total glycerin dose administered (volume x concentration) (rs = 0.67, p less than 0.0005) but varied widely, from minimal to severe, in those given the same dose. Injection site erythema, induration, and bruising occurred in some subjects with significant positive correlations between total glycerin dose and both frequency and diameters of erythema and induration. However, these dermal reactions were of trivial clinical importance. CONCLUSION: Injected glycerin produces pain that is proportional to total injected dose of glycerin, but individual variation in perceived discomfort is substantial. Total glycerin doses of less than 0.05 ml rarely produce clinically important pain.

Contusions↗
PubMed1999

Increased positivity of skin test and allergenic stability of glycerinated soybean hull extracts.

BACKGROUND: Results obtained from previous experiences with soybean hull antigens suggest that the addition of glycerine to the extract increases positivity of the skin test. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of this glycerine addition and the influence of different storage temperatures on the potency of soybean hull extracts. METHODS: Twenty-two asthmatic patients admitted to emergency rooms during one of the soybean-related Barcelona asthma epidemics were evaluated 2 years after the last epidemic for: (1) sensitivity to prick test with glycerinated and non-glycerinated extracts, both fresh and stored at 4 degrees C, - 20 degrees C and - 70 degrees C for 30 days, and (2) specific IgE to a fresh hull extract. All extracts were also studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). RESULTS: No differences in positivities were detected for prick tests performed the same day of preparation between non-glycerinated (5/22; 22.7%) and glycerinated (4/22; 18.2%) extracts. After 30 days storage, positivities of prick test with non-glycerinated extracts stored at 4 degrees C did not significantly differ from the results obtained on the first day. However, prick tests performed with glycerinated extracts stored for 30 days showed increased positivity for the extracts stored at 4 degrees C (7/22; 31%) (P < 0.05) as well as for those stored at - 20 degrees C and - 70 degrees C (9/22; 40.9%) (P < 0.001). This latter percentage is similar to that of specific immunoglobulin E detected by radioimmunoassay (10/22; 45. 4%). Also, for the glycerinated extracts only, the quantitative response showed an increase in mean diameter of the induration at 30 days at the three temperatures, even though owing to the great standard deviation and limited number of patients, it was only significant for the extract stored at - 20 degrees C (P < 0.01). SDS-PAGE gel densitometry at 30 days demonstrated a loss of protein in the bands with a molecular weight higher than 66.2 kDa for non-glycerinated extracts stored at 4 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study confirm previous observations with soybean hull allergen extracts and indicate that (1) storage of soybean hull extracts with glycerine addition for 30 days at the concentration studied (1:100 w/v) determines a significant increase in the positivity of skin tests, and (2) glycerine addition stabilizes soybean hull extracts at any of the temperatures studied.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Comparative studies on the usefulness of phosphate versus glycerin enema in preparation for colon examinations.

Fifty of 100 persons who had undergone health screening received phosphate enema while the other 50 received glycerin enema prior to proctoscopy and barium enema, and their usefulness for preparation for colon examination was compared by a double-blind test. There was no significant difference in the degree of colonic cleansing achieved by proctoscopy and barium enema. In the subjects who received phosphate enema, the incidence of abdominal pain was less than that in those who received glycerin enema, while the effect of phosphate enema on defecation appeared later than that of glycerin enema, indicating prolonged stool retention in the subjects given phosphate enema. To study the safety of the two enemas, either phosphate enema, glycerin enema or physiological saline solution as a control was administered at 0.35 ml/animal in the rectum by 4-h closure of the anus in 10 male 7-week-old Wistar rats, and the rectal mucosa was observed for irritation macroscopically and histopathologically. Glycerin enema produced less irritation than phosphate enema diffusely in the entire area of the rectum, while phosphate enema produced more local irritation at the end of the rectum than glycerin enema. The differences in the extent of irritation and injury between phosphate and glycerin enemas were considered to be derived from differences in the pharmacologic actions of these drugs. If the extent of injury were included in the extent of irritation, the difference in irritation between phosphate and glycerin enemas would not be significant. As described above, no specific difference seem to exist in the usefulness of phosphate and glycerin enemas as preparation for colon examination.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentations. Chromated glycerin as a screen for patients at risk (a retrospective study).

BACKGROUND: Chromated glycerin reportedly causes less post-sclerotherapy hyperpigmentations than polidocanol. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether replacing polidocanol with chromated glycerin lowers the incidence of postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation. METHODS: Retrospective study of 134 records of patients treated for leg telangiectasia. At the first session only chromated glycerin was injected. From the second session on treatment was continued--according to the response--either with chromated glycerin or with the stronger polidocanol. RESULTS: Chromated glycerin caused strong sclero-inflammatory reaction in 27% of patients, who were therefore treated with chromated glycerin only; in the remaining 73%, chromated glycerin was replaced with polidocanol, because of mild (or absent) reaction. Postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation developed in three patients, all treated with chromated glycerin, while no postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation developed in the patients treated with polidocanol. CONCLUSIONS: Single "trial" session with chromated glycerin permits to select patients at risk of developing postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation, and treat these with a milder sclerosant. This approach also reduced the incidence of early postsclerotherapy hyperpigmentation compared with similar series treated with polidocanol alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Actin in spindles of Haemanthus katherinae endosperm. I. General results using various glycerination methods.

We have studied actin-containing filaments in spindles in Haemanthus endosperm cells glycerinated by various methods; the actin-containing filaments were identified by their reaction with rabbit skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) to form 'decorated' filaments. Actin-containing filaments in the spindle were seen in amongst microtubules in bundles (both non-kinetochore microtubule bundles and kinetochore microtuble bundles) and were also seen not associated with microtubules. There were very few extra-spindle actin-containing filaments in these cells. Actin-containing filaments seemed to interact with microtubules, because the filaments remained close to and parallel to microtubules even when the microtubules were sharply curved. Because of the close association between microtubules and actin-containing filaments we could not identify all the actin-containing filaments present in microtubule bundles: microtubules obscured actin-containing filaments. We studied Haemanthus endosperm cells as they were glycerinated. For some of these observations we used phase-contrast microscopy. Glycerination caused the cells to shrink, initially, and this was followed by rapid expansion, but the cells did not expand to as large a volume as before glycerination. Spindle structure was maintained despite these changes in cell size. Evidences for this are that relative chromosome positions were maintained during glycerination, that spindle birefringence was maintained during glycerination, and that individual chromosomal spindle fibres remained birefringent during glycerination. Electron-microscopic observations supported this in that kinetochore microtubule bundles and non-kinetochore microtubule bundle were maintained during glycerination, as was the helical arrangement of spindle ribosomes into polyribosomes. One-step glycerination procedures were used (cells were treated with mixtures containing 25% glycerol, Triton-X-100 and HMM), and such procedures might be of general use. Living cells were embedded in fibrin clots in making light-microscopic observations; this procedure, too, might be of general use.

Actins↗
PubMed1989

[Cytotoxicity of dental iodine glycerin on cultured mammalian cells].

Cytotoxicity of dental iodine glycerin was studied using cultured Chinese hamster lung cells (V79 cells). Treatment with dental iodine glycerin at 0.33 - 0.1v/v% for 24 to 72 hr elicited a minor inhibition of growth of V79 cells. The cell growth, however, was remarkably inhibited when the cells were treated with dental iodine glycerin at 0.3v/v%. No inhibitory effect on survival of V79 cells was observed in cultures treated with dental iodine glycerin at 0.03 - 0.1v/v% for 2 to 24 hr. Meanwhile, treatment with dental iodine glycerin at 0.3v/v% for 2 hr or more induced 100% inhibition of cell survival. Exposure of cells to dental iodine glycerin at 0.3v.v% for 2 hr caused decrease in DNA, RNA or protein synthesis of the cells up to 54.4% of untreated cells. These results indicate that there is a big difference in cytotoxicity induced by treatment of V79 cells with dental iodine glycerin at concentrations between 0.1v/v% and 0.3v.v%, and that treatment with dental iodine glycerin induced inhibition of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis of the cells and the inhibition occurs even by the treatment which causes no reduction of cell survival.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Prolongation of epidural bupivacaine analgesia with glycerin.

Glycerin has been used as a drug carrier/depot, but never with local anaesthetics. This study was an attempt to use the slow drug release mechanism to prolong the anaesthetic effects of bupivacaine in epidural block. Twenty-seven adults with cancer pain were prospectively selected according to their primary lesions and problems, but their allocation to study groups was randomized. Group I (n = 13), received 5 ml bupivacaine, 0.125% in normal saline via a previous implanted epidural catheter. When the pain returned to its original intensity, the same amount of the same strength anaesthetic dissolved in 50% glycerin was given via the same catheter. Group II (n = 14) received the same solutions, but in the reverse order. Also five patients in each group received plain 50% glycerin prior to administration of the anaesthetic solutions to serve as controls. The pharmacological effects were assessed by the blinded observers. Analgesia produced with glycerin solution was prolonged compared with the saline solution (12.2 vs 7.2 and 11.6 vs 7.4 hr, P < 0.01). The order of giving the solution did not produce any differences. Plan 50% glycerin did not produce analgesic effects. Neither motor blockade nor other adverse effects or complications were observed in either group. It was concluded that 0.125% bupivacaine in 50% glycerin administered epidurally is not neurotoxic. The prolongation of analgesia observed is attributed to the slow release of bupivacaine from the glycerin base which functions as drug depot. In addition to relief of chronic pain, this novel approach may have other clinical applications such as the relief of labour or postoperative pain.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The clinical picture of Meniere's disease in the light of glycerin and urea tests.

A mathematical-statistical analysis of the role of glycerin and urea tests in patients with Meniere's disease is presented. Using the quantification method for multidimensional qualitative data, 13 variables were analysed. The younger the patient the stronger was the correlation between age and positive glycerin and urea tests. At ages over 50 years, no correlation to positive test results was found. The longer the duration of disease, the stronger was the correlation between this duration and a positive urea test. The glycerin test showed no correlation to the duration of the disease. Hearing losses of 40-69 dB were correlated both to a positive glycerin test and to a positive urea test. Greater hearing losses were correlated only to a positive glycerin test. Hearing losses of less than 39 dB were not correlated to positive results of either the glycerin or the urea test. Directional preponderance in the caloric test showed a correlation to a positive urea test. On the basis of these results a hypothesis has been formulated to explain how glycerin and urea might affect the internal ear.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Glycerine injection and crystal formation in the larynx: a negative study.

Glycerine as a vehicle may be injected alone or with Teflon to reposition a lateral lying paralyzed vocal cord. During the study of a particular patient, crystal formation was observed in laryngeal tissues injected with glycerine. It was hypothesized that glycerine metabolized to oxalic acid crystals via the glyoxylic acid pathway. To confirm this proposition, the gluteus muscle of guinea pigs was injected with glycerine, and at weekly intervals submitted for ordinary and polarized light microscopic examination. The formation of crystals after glycerine injection was not found in the guinea pig. Similarly, no foreign material or crystals were found after centrifuging the stored glycerine.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An indirect proof of stretch-induced Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in glycerinated skeletal and heart muscle preparations (author's transl)].

The existence of still functioning vesicles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers and cat myocardium is demonstrated by the use of activation (force development and shortening) of the contractile system as an indicator for "sarcoplasmic", free Ca++ concentration and by electron microscopic studies. Furthermore, the conditions for Ca++ release and uptake by the SR vesicles were analyzed. (1) As indicated by electron microscopic studies, glycerinated skeletal and heart muscle preparations contain SR vesicles (diameter 0.1--0.2 mu). Detergent treatment as used by Julian (1971) causes neither morphological change in the contractile system nor in the SR vesicles. (2) The delay in tension development of glycerinated preparations after an increase in free Ca++ concentration of the bathing medium is demonstrated to be caused at least partly by Ca++ uptake in these SR vesicles. (3) The SR vesicles of glycerinated preparations are able to accumulate Ca++ just at concentrations which are subthreshold for tension development. The accumulated Ca++ can be detected by a transient force development resulting from abolishment of the Ca++ storage capacity of the SR vesicles caused by high concentrations of detergents. (4) Ca++-induced Ca++ release is also demonstrated in glycerinated preparations. After Ca++ loading this release mechanism occurs at Ca++ concentrations in the bathing medium starting at about 10(-7,48) Mol/l both in skeletal and heart muscle preparations. (5) Quick stretch of Ca++-loaded, relaxed preparations caused local contractions of the myofibrils in both single fibers and fiber bundles of glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle. Skeletal fiber bundles and cat myocardium show a transient tension development parallel to these local contractions. These effects are demonstrated to be due to a stretch-induced Ca++ release from the SR vesicles. (6) Length-controlled quick stretches or quick releases of partly activated preparations cause sinusoidal tension oscillations superimposed on the well-known, delayed active tension development. In contrast, fully activated preparations do not show superimposed oscillations in tension. Force-controlled quick stretches or quick releases induce equivalent oscillations in length which are more distinct than the tension oscillations, however. These oscillations are also demonstrated to be due to stretch or release-induced changes in the Ca++ fluxes between SR vesicles and the "sarcoplasm". (7) This stretch induced release of Ca++ from the SR could be one reason for the multiple-phase course of active and passive isometric tension development in vivo following quick changes in length, and could also partly explain the prestretch dependence of tension development which cannot be explained from the degree of overlapping of the contractile filaments alone...

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Characterization of glycerin-based polyols by capillary electrophoresis.

Methods based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) have been developed to obtain the molar mass distribution (MMD) of glycerin-based polyols and details on the presence of mono- and difunctional byproducts in technical samples. Prior to the analyses the hydroxy end-groups of the trifunctional polyols were converted to chargeable and UV-active moieties with phthalic anhydride (PhAH) as the derivatization reagent. With a method of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) samples of glycerin-based polyols with average molar masses up to 6000 were separated according to their charge-to-size ratio. The separations were carried out with a buffer solution containing 50% (v/v) acetonitrile and 10 mM sodium tetraborate, and for detection UV absorption at 220 nm was measured. An approximately linear relation between the reciprocal of the effective mobilities and the degree of polymerisation of the glycerin-based polyols was found. Therefore, the proposed CZE system could be used to determine the degree of polymerisation and polydispersity of technical glycerin-based polyol samples. The effect of the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the buffer solution on the CE separation of linear polyethylene glycols (PEGs), polypropylene glycols (PPGs) and ethylene oxide-propylene oxide (EO-PO) copolymers with different molar masses was investigated. The interaction between the charged polymer derivatives and SDS ions in solution increased strongly with the degree of polymerisation and the amount PO in the chain of the polymeric compounds. This behaviour made it possible to invert the migration order of EO-PO containing polymers of different size. With a background electrolyte (BGE) composition of 10mM SDS and 25% (v/v) acetonitrile in borate buffer mono- and difunctional byproducts were separated from the main glycerin-based polyols based on their number of end-groups. Accurate quantities for the mono- and difunctional impurities in technical glycerin-based polyol products were determined.

Electrophoresis, Capillary↗
PubMed2002

The importance of glycerin-containing negative control tests in allergy research studies that use intradermal skin tests.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to assess skin whealing with glycerin-containing control injections for intradermal skin tests. DESIGN: Observational. METHODS: Wheal sizes were measured at 0, 10, and 15 minutes after intradermal injection of 0.01 and 0.02 mL of phenolated normal saline and 0.5% and 5% concentrations of glycerin in the same quantity of phenolated saline. RESULTS: Intradermal injection of 0.01 mL of phenolated saline produced an average 4.9-mm wheal, which expanded to 5.2 mm at 10 minutes and to 6.0 mm at 15 minutes. Intradermal injection of 0.02 mL of phenolated saline produced a 6.4-mm wheal, which expanded to 7.0 mm at 10 minutes and 8.0 mm at 15 minutes. The addition of glycerin produced proportionally larger wheals. CONCLUSIONS: Because glycerin increases whealing beyond that with phenolated saline, skin tests containing glycerin must be compared with glycerin-containing negative controls. Intradermal skin tests that fail to compare findings in this manner contain an inherent methodologic flaw and are uninterpretable.

Bias↗
PubMed2003

Rejection and indirect revascularization of glycerin-preserved tracheal implant.

The objective of the following study was to evaluate antigenicity, malacia and revascularization in glycerin-preserved canine tracheal allografts. Trachea with six cartilage rings (2.4 to 3.1 cm) were distributed in three study groups: autograft (21), allograft (18) and glycerin-preserved (22). We implanted two segments from different groups in the greater omentum of dogs. After 28 days, latex was injected in the canine aorta before the segments were harvested. We evaluated number of sectors with functional vessels, number of vessels dyed in the submucosa, acute arteritis score, incidence of acute rejection, cartilage lesion score, and malacia. The autograft group had a larger number of dyed vessels than the glycerin-preserved group. The autograft group also had a higher average number of quadrants with functional vessels than the allograft group and the glycerin-preserved group. The allograft group had a higher mean score for acute arteritis than the autograft group and more acute rejection than the glycerin-preserved group. The cartilage lesion score did not show any significant difference between groups. Malacia was not observed in any tracheal segment. Overall, the glycerin-preserved tracheal implant had low antigenicity and good rigidity, but showed incomplete revascularization.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of 10% carbamide peroxide, carbopol and/or glycerin on enamel and dentin microhardness.

This study evaluated the effects of 10% carbamide peroxide, carbopol and glycerin and their associations on microhardness over time on enamel and dentin. Eight treatment agents were evaluated: a commercial bleaching agent containing 10% carbamide peroxide (Opalescence 10% Ultradent), 10% carbamide peroxide, carbopol, glycerin, 10% carbamide peroxide + carbopol, 10% carbamide peroxide + glycerin, carbopol + glycerin and 10% carbamide peroxide + carbopol + glycerin. Three hundred and twenty human dental fragments, 80 sound enamel fragments (SE), 80 demineralized enamel fragments (DE), 80 sound dentin fragments (SD) and 80 demineralized dentin (DD) fragments, were exposed to the treatment agents (n=10). These agents were applied onto the surface of the fragments eight hours a day for 42 days. After eight hours, they were washed from the dental fragment surfaces after five back-and-forth movements with a soft bristle toothbrush under distilled and deionized running water. During the remaining time (16 hours per day), the fragments were kept in individual vials in artificial saliva. After the 42-day treatment period, the specimens were kept individually in artificial saliva for 14 days. Knoop microhardness measurements were performed at baseline, after eight hours, and 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days, and 7 and 14 days post-treatment (corresponding to 49 and 56 days after the initial treatment agent applications). The non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed significant differences among the agents at each time interval, except at baseline for sound and demineralized enamel and dentin. For SE, SD and DD, there was a decrease in microhardness values during treatment with all agents. There was a tendency towards lower microhardness values after treatment with carbopol and its associations for sound tissues. DD showed low microhardness values during and after treatment with CP and its associations. For DE, there was an increase in microhardness values during treatment with all agents and in the post-treatment phase. The baseline microhardness values were not recovered during the 14-day post-treatment phase. Opalescence 10%, carbamide peroxide, carbopol, glycerin and their associations may change the microhardness of sound and demineralized dental tissues, even in the presence of artificial saliva.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Viability of bacteria in glycerin and ethanol preserved sclera.

BACKGROUND: Sclera is commonly preserved in glycerin or ethanol before being used for ophthalmic surgery. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of bacteria to survive in sclera preserved in glycerin or ethanol. METHODS: Fresh sclera was inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or Pseudomonas aeruginosa and transferred to preservative vials containing glycerin, 95% ethanol, or trypticase soy broth (control) and stored at room temperature. Pieces of sclera were removed from preservative at designated intervals over a 14-day period. The sclera was then homogenized, plated on blood agar, and incubated at 37 degrees C. Colonies were counted at 24, 48, and 72 hours. RESULTS: S. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, and S. aureus were recovered from glycerin preserved sclera for up to 12 hours, 1.5 days, and 8 days, respectively. No bacteria was recovered from the ethanol preserved sclera. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteria cannot be recovered from ethanol preserved sclera but can survive in glycerin preserved sclera for at least 8 days. Ethanol may offer advantages over glycerin as a scleral preservative due to its greater antibacterial activity.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1979

Magnesium dependent contraction of glycerinated smooth muscle.

The effect of Mg2+ on the contraction of glycerinated smooth and skeletal muscles was examined. In the absence of Ca2+, glycerinated smooth muscle contracted slowly when exposed to 5 mM adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and Mg2+. The magnitude of this contraction depended on the concentration of Mg2+ in a range of 1--20 mM. When 20 mM Mg2+ was used with ATP, glycerinated smooth muscle contracted almost maximally in a Ca2+ free environment, and it did not contract further on subsequent addition of 0.1 mM of free Ca2+ (EGTA-CaEGTA buffer). In contrast, in skeletal muscle a Ca2+ dependent contraction could always be elicited in the presence of 1--20 mM Mg2+ and 5 mM ATP. Tension development in smooth muscle induced by Mg2+ and ATP was not due to a contamination by Ca2+ or the removal of a Ca2+ sensitive protein. In the present experimental conditions, glycerinated smooth muscle developed a Mg2+-dependent contraction in a Ca2+ free medium, but glycerinated skeletal muscle did not.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1989

The effects of a glycerin-based blood analog on the testing of bioprosthetic heart valves.

Detailed comparisons of aortic valvular flow using saline, with that using a glycerin-based blood analog in a pulse duplicator are reported. The experiments were carried out to determine whether exposure to glycerin caused stiffening of bioprosthetic valve leaflets. For two pericardial bioprostheses and for a mechanical valve we observed a fluid-dependent systolic volume flow, a fluid-dependent regurgitation volume, and fluid-dependent systolic pressure differences. Volume flow changes, both forward and reverse, are independent of valve type. The observed pressure differences, while proportional to fluid density for the mechanical valve, are fluid dependent in a more complicated way for the pericardial valves. However, no trend of changing valvular performance was observed over as much as 80 days of glycerin exposure, indicating that it is unlikely that the fluid-dependent performance was caused by glycerin absorption by the valve leaflets. We conclude that valid performance comparisons between mechanical and bioprosthetic valves may be made using a glycerin-based fluid. Furthermore, it appears that any detailed analysis of the physical mechanisms of valvular flow dissipation will require a properly matched blood analog.

Bioprosthesis↗