[Pharmacodynamic studies on the gastrointestinal system; effect of a new antivagal drug on gastroduodenal function].
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Autonomic Agents↗
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[Adrenergic beta blockaders and beta stimulants. Effects on the gastrointestinal system].
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Adrenergic beta-Agonists↗
[Immunology of the gastrointestinal system].
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Antibody Formation↗
[Estimation of adverse drug reactions by the evaluation scores of subjective symptoms (complaints) and background of patients. V. Drug-induced gastrointestinal system disorders].
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop, implement, and assess an estimation procedure for preventing adverse drug reaction by subjective symptoms (complaints) of patients. This time, we focused and studied on drug-induced gastrointestinal system disorders. METHODS: We have built a database for CARPIS (Case Reports of Adverse Drug Reaction and Poisoning Information System) since 1987. We studied 224 cases of drug-induced Gastrointestinal System Disorders (stomach or colon disorders: 148, esophagus disorders: 31, pancreas disorders: 45) cumulated in the CARPIS database. The evaluation scores were created based on the subjective symptoms and backgrounds of the patients. We estimated 224 cases using these evaluation scores. RESULTS: We could estimate 137 cases (92.6%) in 148 cases to be stomach or colon disorders by the use of these evaluation scores. The validity of this evaluation scores was estimated to be as follows: Sensitivity = 92.6%, Specificity = 95.0% and Predictive Value of Positive Test (PVP) = 96.5%. The positive likelihood ratio (LR) was 18.5 and negative likelihood ratio was 0.08. On the other hand, in the case of esophagus disorders, PVP was 84.8% and LR was 18.1. In the case of pancreas disorders, PVP was 90.7% and LR was 21.7. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, PVP and LR values were good. We thought that these evaluation scores could pick up the drug-induced gastrointestinal system disorders efficiently. We reported previously the evaluation scores about drug-induced liver disorders, extra-pyramidal symptoms, leukopenia and eruption before. In order to apply these evaluation scores onto the clinical practice, we prepared an evaluation form for subjective symptoms and backgrounds of the patients with adverse drug reactions. As a result, the adverse reactions symptoms of each one defined more.
Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
[Changes in the gastrointestinal system of children with inflammatory systemic connective tissue diseases].
Functional and morphological changes of the gastrointestinal system were assessed in patients suffering from juvenile chronic arthritis, juvenile systemic erythematosus and juvenile systemic scleroderma. The results of endoscopic investigation of the gastrointestinal tract showed inflammatory changes and cardiac and pylorus atony. Ultrasonography results suggested hepatic and pancreatic inflammatory changes, steatosis and/or amyloidosis. The above-mentioned changes were confirmed by morphological investigation (biopsy and/or autopsy). The results of the capacity tests performed in JCA (systemic form) patients revealed an impairment of liver detoxication function, and pancreas and bowel functional capacity as well. Additionally, intolerance against lactose, casein and alpha- and beta-lactoglobulin was found in most of the patients. Some symptoms of malnutrition were observed in all of them. Such factors as underlying disease severity, adverse drug effects, environmental factors (infections, nutrition) were taken into consideration as probable causes of the gastrointestinal system damage.
Adolescent↗
Characterization of a side population of cancer cells from human gastrointestinal system.
A subset of stem cells, termed "side population" (SP) cells, has been identified and characterized in several mammalian tissues and cell lines. However, SP cells have never been identified or isolated from gastrointestinal cancers. We used flow cytometry and the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 to isolate SP cells from various human gastrointestinal system cancer cell lines. Fifteen of sixteen cancer cell lines from the gastrointestinal system contained 0.3%-2.2% SP cells. Next, we used an oligonucleotide microarray to analyze differentially expressed genes between SP and non-SP cells of hepatoma HuH7. The expression of GATA6, which is associated with embryonic development and hepatocytic differentiation, was significantly upregulated in HuH7 SP cells. The expression of ABCG2, ABCB1, and CEACAM6, which are associated with chemoresistance, was also significantly increased in SP cells. In addition, some epithelial markers and mesenchymal markers were overexpressed in SP cells. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemical staining validated these results and suggested a multilineage potential for HuH7 SP cells. In hepatoma HuH7 and colorectal SW480 cell lines, SP cells showed evidence for self-renewal, generating both SP and non-SP cells. Finally, chemoresistance to anticancer agents, including doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine, were compared between HuH7 SP and non-SP cells using an ATP bioluminescence assay. The HuH7 SP cells expressed a higher resistance to doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and gemcitabine compared with non-SP cells. These findings demonstrate that cancers of the gastrointestinal system do contain SP cells that show some characteristics of so-called stem cells.
Antigens, Differentiation↗
Cloning and characterization of porcine aquaporin 1 water channel expressed extensively in gastrointestinal system.
AIM: To clone and characterize the porcine aquaporins (AQPs) in the gastrointestinal system. METHODS: A PCR-based cloning strategy and RACE were used to clone full-length AQP coding sequence from reversely transcribed pig liver cDNA. Stopped-flow light scattering and a YFP-based fluorescence method were used to measure the osmotic water permeability of erythrocytes and the stably transfected CHO cells. RT-PCR, Northern blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the gastrointestinal expression and localization of cloned AQPs. Protein expression in transfected cells and red blood cells was analyzed by Western blot. RESULTS: An 813 bp cDNA encoding a 271 amino acid porcine aquaporin (designated pAQP1) was cloned from liver mRNA (pAQP1 has a 93% identity with human AQP1 and contains two NPA motifs conserved in AQP family, one consensus sequence for N-linked glycosylation, and one mercury-sensitive site at cysteine 191). RT-PCR analysis revealed extensive expression of pAQP1 mRNA in porcine digestive glands and gut. Northern blot showed a single 3.0 kb transcript in selected digestive organs. pAQP1 protein was localized at central lacteals of the small intestine, microvessles of salivary glands, as well as epithelium of intrahepatic bile ducts by immunoperoxydase. High osmotic water permeability that is inhibitable by HgCl2 was detected in porcine erythrocytes and CHO cells stably transfected with pAQP1 cDNA. Immunoblot analysis of porcine erythrocytes and pAQP-transfected CHO cells revealed an unglycosylated 28 ku band and larger glycosylated proteins. CONCLUSION: pAQP1 is the first porcine aquaporin that can be molecularly identified so far. The broad distribution of pAQP1 in epithelium and endothelium of porcine digestive organs may suggest an important role of channel-mediated water transport in fluid secretion/absorption as well as in digestive function and pathophysiology of the gastrointestinal system.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
General medicine and surgery for dental practitioners. Part 3: gastrointestinal system.
Diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) system can be relevant to the dental surgeon for several reasons. The mouth may display signs of the disease itself, for example the cobblestone mucosa, facial or labial swelling of Crohn's disease, or the osteomata of Gardner's syndrome. These are well covered elsewhere and not discussed further here. The sequelae of GI disease, for example gastric reflux producing dental erosion, iron deficiency anaemia and treatment such as corticosteroid therapy may all have a bearing on management and choice of anaesthesia.
Anesthesia, Dental↗
Evidence for vasopressin production in the human gastrointestinal system.
In the present study we performed immunohistochemical examination of segments from the human gastrointestinal system for the presence of cells containing vasopressin (VP) and vasopressin-associated human neurophysin (VP-HNP). VP immunoreactivity was found in crypt cells of the stomach and small intestine, and in mononuclear cells within the lamina propria and submucosa. VP-HNP was demonstrated in the crypt and lamina propria regions of the small intestine, and was colocalized with vasopressin in crypt cells. This colocalization indicates local vasopressin synthesis by these cells and raises the possibility that they may perform an endocrine or exocrine function in the human gastrointestinal system.
Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
Typical and atypical mast cells of the rat gastrointestinal system: distribution and correlation with tissue histamine.
Mast cells and histamine are present throughout the rat gastrointestinal system. Typical mast cells, differentiated from atypical mast cells by morphology, staining characteristics, and response to Compound 48/80, were the only mast cell type identified by histology in the cheek, tongue, esophagus, and nonglandular stomach. Atypical mast cells were found in large numbers in the glandular stomach, small and large intestine, and cecum, where they outnumbered typical mast cells by up to 20:1. Gastrointestinal histamine levels varied from 2.6 to 19.3 ng/mg in all tissues surveyed except for the glandular stomach, which contained 26 ng/mg. The amount of histamine per typical mast cell was estimated to be approximately 1.29 picograms; atypical mast cells contained less than 0.15 picograms per cell. Parenteral administration of Compound 48/80 resulted in the degranulation of typical mast cells, but not atypical mast cells, as determined by a fall both in typical mast cell number and a decrease in tissue histamine in areas rich in typical mast cells. These results indicate that striking regional differences in mast cell distribution and tissue histamine levels exist in the rat gastrointestinal system.
Animals↗
Metastases involving the gastrointestinal system.
OBJECTIVES: To provide a review of metastases involving the gastrointestinal system, including the specific problems of liver metastasis, bowel obstruction, ascites, biliary obstruction, and gastrointestinal fistulas. DATA SOURCES: Research studies, review articles, and book chapters. CONCLUSIONS: When metastasis involves the gastrointestinal tract, the emotional distress is coupled with debilitating symptoms and marked nutritional deficits. Treatment decisions must consider potential benefits and risks and affect on quality of life. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: An understanding of the disease process and alternative treatment interventions will assist nurses to effectively anticipate and manage symptoms that may develop and educate patients and families so they can participate in decisions regarding their treatment.
Ascites↗
The gastrointestinal system and bowel management following spinal cord injury.
Gastrointestinal system changes following spinal cord injury (SCI) are generally less obvious than other body system changes. These alterations in function and the response to management, however, may have profound implications on the social, emotional, and physical well-being of the individual with SCI. This article reviews changes in gastrointestinal function following SCI and discusses current issues related to the management of the neurogenic bowel.
Digestive System↗
Relationship of the gastrointestinal system to podiatric diagnosis and therapeutics.
Relationships to the gastrointestinal system can be found in the diagnosis and treatment of problems affecting the pedal extremity. This is due to the fact that parts of the gastrointestinal tract are derived from the same germ layer as portions of the foot. An awareness of these relationships can be useful in determining the etiology, establishing a diagnosis, and forming a plan for management.
Adult↗
[The effect of pancreatic resection with occlusion of the pancreatic remnant on the morphology of the gastrointestinal system].
Modern scientific problems are discussed on some still moot aspects of resection surgery of the pancreas from viewpoint of the postoperative divergencies in all other organs of the gastrointestinal system. Experiments were carried out on dogs. Proximal (right) resection of the pancreas was applied and the endocrine function of the remaining part of the organ was eliminated by occlusion of the pancreatic canal. Histomorphologic studies were carried out on different organs of the gastrointestinal system, 4, 5 and 11 months after the pancreas resection. Serious abnormalities and interrelations were found between the glandular apparatus of the gastrointestinal organs and the pancreas resection. Histomorphological proof of the changes are adduced.
Animals↗
High resolution electrical mapping in the gastrointestinal system: initial results.
High resolution electrical mapping in the gastrointestinal system entails recording from a large number of extracellular electrodes simultaneously. It allows the collection of signals from 240 individual sites which are then amplified, filtered, digitized, multiplexed and stored on tape. After recording, periods of interest can be analysed and the original sequence of activity reconstructed. This technology, originally developed to study normal rhythms and abnormal dysrhythmias in the heart, has been modified to allow recordings from the gastrointestinal tract. In this report, initial results are presented describing the origin and propagation of the slow wave in the isolated stomach and the isolated duodenum in the cat. These results show that in both organs it not uncommon to have more than one focus active during a single cycle. The conduction of slow waves from such a multiple pacemaker environment can become quite complex, and this may play a role in determining the contractile pattern in these organs.
Animals↗
Ontogeny of the gastrointestinal system and its impact on feeding the preterm infant.
The nutritional management of premature infants is a challenging area for neonatal clinicians for a number of reasons. These include lack of knowledge about when, what, and how to feed; limited clinical experience; and wide variations in practice. New practices in the nutritional management of premature infants must take into consideration the structural and functional maturity of the gastrointestinal system and environmental influences on this system. This article presents current knowledge of embryology and ontogeny of the premature infant's gastrointestinal system and explains how this knowledge may be applied to clinical practice.
Digestive System↗
Identification of endogenous peroxidase-containing cells as eosinophils in the gastrointestinal system.
Endogenous peroxidase (EPX) activity in certain cells in the gastrointestinal system interferes with immunohistochemical methods based on the horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed substrate deposition. We studied the distribution and characteristics of these cells. We also report an effective and antigen-preserving EPX blocking method, to make possible the evaluation of immunoperoxidase stainings in cryostat sections. The EPX-containing cells (EPX cells) are present in every part of the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the tunica propria. We identified them as eosinophil cells in May-Grünwald-Giemsa stained sections. The complete match was confirmed by different fluorescence techniques. Firstly, the EPX cells were labeled by a red fluorochrome-conjugated substrate of peroxidase enzymes, rhodamine-tyramide, whereas the eosinophil cells were labeled by the green fluorochrome, l-hydroxy-3,6,8-pyrenetrisulfonic acid, which is known to label exclusively eosinophilic granules at pH 10. Secondly, all the EPX cells reacted with a monoclonal antibody against the eosinophil peroxidase enzyme. Finally, a set of commercially available leukocyte markers was used to characterize the EPX cells colabeled by fluorochrome-tyramides. Neither macrophages nor mast cells showed EPX activity. Increased numbers and altered distribution were seen in stressed rats and in ulcerated human stomach.
Animals↗
[Nonsteroidal antirheumatic agents and the gastrointestinal system].
The antiinflammatory drugs are broadly used also in the treatment of inflammatory and degenerative rheumatic diseases relating to the treatment of extraarticular rheumatism. It has been held that they have an effect in rheumatic diseases even by means of the inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis. Later it was evidented that all drugs coming from that group cause a numerous side-effects particularly in gastrointestinal system, usually relating to those caming a strong inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Some of them cause a selective inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis especially in stomach and kidneys. The appearance of side-effects in gastrointestinal system with patients taking these drugs for a longer period of time could be prevented by a careful choice of their usage. It has been evidented that misoprostol strongly effect the prevention of stomach lesions and duodenum enabling so the usage of non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs over a longer period of time.
Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗