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PubMed1976

Perceptual factors in the design of environments for the mentally ill.

Administrators and others responsible for the design of environments for the mentally ill must be aware that what might be considered irrelevant minutiae of design can have traumatic effects on patients. Because of patients' heightened sensitivity to sensory stimuli and their lessened ability to filter out or adjust to the effects of such stimuli, they are much more likely to be affected by their surroundings than are healthier people, and their social relationships are correspondingly affected. The author describes several kinds of visual, auditory, olfactory, and other stimuli that lead to distorted perceptions of oneself and others and of time and space. He recommends not a bland and stimulus-free environment, but one whose elements are unobtrusive and unambiguous.

Environment Design↗
PubMed2000

The therapeutic design of environments for people with dementia: a review of the empirical research.

Design of the physical environment is increasingly recognized as an important aid in caring for people with dementia. This article reviews the empirical research on design and dementia, including research concerning facility planning (relocation, respite and day care, special care units, group size), research on environmental attributes (noninstitutional character, sensory stimulation, lighting, safety), studies concerning building organization (orientation, outdoor space), and research on specific rooms and activity spaces (bathrooms, toilet rooms, dining rooms, kitchens, and resident rooms). The analysis reveals major themes in research and characterizes strengths and shortcomings in methodology, theoretical conceptualization, and applicability of findings.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of continence in people with learning disabilities: 3.

Behaviourism is a model of intervention for people with a learning disability which focuses on observable behaviour and methods of changing it. The behaviourist strategies do not typically place high value on some of the diagnostic labels that have been considered in the first two articles of this series (Vol 5(6): 364-8; Vol 5(8): 492-8). Rather, the behaviourist is concerned with the behaviours a particular individual shows. Behaviour modification is a particular methodology within psychotherapy that has many interpretations, ranging from a rigid orthodoxy through to an eclectic ecumenicism of theoretical models. The third article in this series on the management of continence in people with a learning disability examines the behavioural strategies that have been historically and are currently available to practitioners. The legacy of behaviour modification (1970s style) means that staff do sometimes perceive such strategies as treatment, whereas in fact the treatment is a combination of designing the environment, designing individual programmes and designing specific ways of developing more valuing forms of continence management.

Behavior Therapy↗
PubMed2004

Toward a sectorwide design for environment support system for the rail industry.

Rail has an important role to play in the development toward a sustainable transportation system. In this perspective, the European Brite Euram Project RAVEL (Rail Vehicle Eco-Efficient Design) has developed a rail sectorwide Design for Environment system to be used and standardized throughout the full supply chain. At the core of the system, quantitative environmental performance indicators for rail vehicles and components are used to incorporate environmental performance target levels in the product requirements and to measure and communicate achieved environmental performance. The concept of eco-efficiency is used to integrate both environmental and economical considerations. The methodology further builds on a standardized material list, standardized data formats, and proactive design guidance. To date, first steps are already taken to integrate the RAVEL project results into sector initiatives toward industrywide acceptance and standardization.

Communication↗
PubMed2001

The effect of house design and environment on fungal movement in homes of bronchial asthma patients.

The effect of house building design and environment on the fungal movement in the houses of 41 bronchial asthma (BA) patients has been investigated by examining house dust. The presence and composition of fungi were determined and compared in relation to building structure, house age, size of living room, main flooring material, presence of a living-room rug or air purifier, and frequency of vacuum cleaning. Among these elements, fungal CFU apparently varied only between building structure: wooden-board houses had significantly higher numbers of fungi than reinforced concrete houses (p < 0.01), and wooden mortar or iron-framed prefabricated houses had significantly higher numbers of fungi than reinforced concrete houses (p < 0.05). Classification of the types of fungi present in the house dust of BA patients showed that, regardless of the building designs, there were high levels of osmophilic fungi (group A) and fungi that survive at relatively dry conditions (group B), whereas fungi that survive in very wet conditions (group D) were present at low frequency.

Asthma↗
PubMed1975

The community psychologist as social planner. Designing optimal environments.

The environmental movement may provide a vehicle by which community psychologists can contribute to large-scale ecological change. This paper uses one outgrowth of the environmental movement--the environmental impact assessment process--to illustrate the procedures for input by community psychologists can participate in the environmental impact assessment process to (1) predict the effects of any new project on the demand for treatment services and (2) suggest ways in which a project may be designed to prevent psychological problems and enhance community well-being.

California↗
PubMed2001

A knowledge-based system for patient image pre-fetching in heterogeneous database environments--modeling, design, and evaluation.

When performing primary reading on a newly taken radiological examination, a radiologist often needs to reference relevant prior images of the same patient for confirmation or comparison purposes. Support of such image references is of clinical importance and may have significant effects on radiologists' examination reading efficiency, service quality, and work satisfaction. To effectively support such image reference needs, we proposed and developed a knowledge-based patient image pre-fetching system, addressing several challenging requirements of the application that include representation and learning of image reference heuristics and management of data-intensive knowledge inferencing. Moreover, the system demands an extensible and maintainable architecture design capable of effectively adapting to a dynamic environment characterized by heterogeneous and autonomous data source systems. In this paper, we developed a synthesized object-oriented entity- relationship model, a conceptual model appropriate for representing radiologists' prior image reference heuristics that are heuristic oriented and data intensive. We detailed the system architecture and design of the knowledge-based patient image pre-fetching system. Our architecture design is based on a client-mediator-server framework, capable of coping with a dynamic environment characterized by distributed, heterogeneous, and highly autonomous data source systems. To adapt to changes in radiologists' patient prior image reference heuristics, ID3-based multidecision-tree induction and CN2-based multidecision induction learning techniques were developed and evaluated. Experimentally, we examined effects of the pre-fetching system we created on radiologists' examination readings. Preliminary results show that the knowledge-based patient image pre-fetching system more accurately supports radiologists' patient prior image reference needs than the current practice adopted at the study site and that radiologists may become more efficient, consultatively effective, and better satisfied when supported by the pre-fetching system than when relying on the study site's pre-fetching practice.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1995

Creating a healing environment by design.

This article focuses on offering a methodology that goes beyond creating a noninstitutional environment to one intended to assist in the development of a healing environment, one that influences patients' responses to the environment, and one that offers patients opportunities to cope. This article does not advocate a formula for design that, by its nature, would be antihetical to the dynamic proposed. Instead, this article suggests a methodology that allows and recommends flexibility in design. While the article discusses design issues for outpatient oncological centers and offers specific examples as demonstrations of implementation, the methodology is not limited to outpatient cancer care centers. Ambulatory care centers in general would benefit from application of these principles.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed2001

The physical environment of the person with Alzheimer's disease.

A conceptual structure based on a set of 11 universal human needs is used as the basis for organizing a view of research methods appropriate to designing environments for people with dementia. The advantages and disadvantages of four general approaches are discussed: consumer surveys, direct behavior observation, expert judgments, and experimental designs. All are found wanting, though clearly worth pursuing. Systematic qualitative observational methods are suggested as a mode for generating and organizing user-friendly data for designing environments for people with dementia.

Aged↗
PubMed2001

HIDE: a new hybrid environment for the design of custom-made hip prosthesis.

This technical note describes a new software environment (HIPCOM design environment, HIDE) for the design of custom-made total hip replacements. These devices are frequently designed using general-purpose mechanical computer-aided design (CAD) programs using a set of bone contours extracted from the computer tomography (CT) images as anatomical reference. On the contrary, the HIDE system was developed to let the operator directly design the stem shape onto the CT images in a single-step operation. The operator can directly import CT data in DICOM format or use special functions to reconvert to a digital stack, the CT images printed on a radiological film. Once the stack of CT images is loaded, the operator can design the implant shape by imposing control sections directly on the CT images. The interpolation of these control sections produces the basic 3D shape of the custom-made stem. The shape is then exported to the CAD-computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) program to refine the design and to generate the part program to manufacture the implant with a CNC tooling machine. Using HIDE, the duration of design steps it affected was reduced by more than 50% with respect to the standard method in use at the manufacturer site. HIDE also improved the accuracy and the repeatability of the whole procedure. The learning curve became flat after only ten cases. These good results were achieved because of the integration of the vectorial description of the prosthetic component with the raster description of the CT data that allowed the designer to use all details available in the CT images.

Computer-Aided Design↗
PubMed2004

Zone design for environment and health studies using pre-aggregated data.

Many environment and health studies employ geographical areas as the units of analysis, either through choice or necessity. The design of these areas can greatly influence any observed spatial relationships or patterns-an effect known as the modifiable areal unit problem. In this paper we identify the phenomena and processes which are typically measured in environment and health studies and present a conceptualisation for their representation as data objects in spatial analysis. We discuss the circumstances under which we find ourselves using areas for representation and outline the application of zone design techniques for the creation of such areas in environment and health studies. An empirical study of the relationship between deprivation and limiting long-term illness in the former county of Avon, UK, is employed to demonstrate the potential usefulness of zone design techniques for creating zones with stable estimates and for exploring the sensitivity of relationships to changes in the zoning system. In particular, we illustrate the inappropriateness of the 1991 Census enumeration district and ward zoning systems for such an analysis and conclude that automatically designed aggregations may be a more appropriate basis for analysis than any pre-existing zoning system.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Effect of building ventilation design on environment and performance of turkeys.

Environmental variables in 10 commercial turkey confinement buildings, representing 2 natural ventilation designs, were measured during summer and the following winter. Sliding doors spaced at intervals along the walls of 5 of the buildings provided about 35% opening, and continuous wall curtains provided 60 to 80% opening in the other 5 buildings. Environmental variables assessed included airspeed; temperature; relative humidity; gases; particle number, size, and mass per cubic meter of air; and colonies of bacteria, yeasts, and other fungi per cubic meter of air. Colonies of yeasts and other fungi were quantitated in feed and litter. For most of the variables evaluated, significant differences were not attributable to building ventilation design; however, in winter, the total mass of particulate matter per cubic meter of air was higher in the curtain-type houses, compared with sliding door-type houses. Ammonia concentration in the air of sliding door-type houses progressively increased during summer and winter sampling periods. A significant effect of building ventilation design on turkey performance was not detected when using mortality, average daily gain, feed conversion, condemnations at slaughter, or average individual bird weight as measures of production.

Air↗
PubMed1975

Design of living environments for nursing-home residents: increasing participation in recreation activities.

Nursing-home residents have frequently been characterized as unoccupied and disengaged. At the outset of the present study, most residents were to be found in their own rooms, not exhibiting gross motor behavior or social interaction, and not participating in appropriate activities. To modify residents' levels of participation with the environment, a manipulative area was provided in the lounge. Participation in the lounge averaged 20% on days when the activity was not available, but increased to a mean of 74% on days when equipment and materials were given and residents were prompted to participate. When prompts were withdrawn and materials were available only by request, mean participation fell to 25%. The findings demonstrate that manipulative activities can support a high level of participation with the environment, if residents are prompted to use equipment and materials.

Adult↗