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[Human-accessible environment design. Crossroads between persons and environment].

The competence model of aging emphasizes transactions between the person and his/her environment. Adaptation of the environment to the person's resources gets equal status to the adaptation of the person to environmental demands. This becomes relevant for persons in need of help and care. Adapting their environment leads to a reduction of their environmental docility. It also becomes relevant for persons with higher potentials: Optimizing their environment contributes to environmental proactivity. For all groups, an increase of quality of life is correlated to optimized environments. While human factors design has created favorable conditions in the work place for many persons, it has not been applied often to the construction of home environments and to the production of equipment for everyday use. Results from a study on "Chances for and limitations of independent life in old age" are presented. They prove that elderly people in the new states of the Federal Republic of Germany not only differ from those in the old states with regard to the help and care they need. In the new states, environmental factors contribute considerably to limitations of independent life. Potentials of an optimally designed environment for the reduction of help and care are utilized even less in the eastern states of Germany than in the west. Arguments for the design of the furniture, equipment for communication and transportation, etc. are presented which emphasize ergonomic principles. They require that products should be adapted to the sensory potentials of their users, that they should allow an understanding or an easy cognitive processing of their functions, and that they should match the motor potentials of persons handling them. In short, products should be designed for a use that matches the "human model" as closely as possible. Thus, they will contribute to enhance the environmental proactivity of elderly people.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2000

Multiobjective satisfaction within an interactive evolutionary design environment.

The paper introduces the concept of an Interactive Evolutionary Design System (IEDS) that supports the engineering designer during the conceptual/preliminary stages of the design process. Requirement during these early stages relates primarily to design search and exploration across a poorly defined space as the designer's knowledge base concerning the problem area develops. Multiobjective satisfaction plays a major role, and objectives are likely to be ill-defined and their relative importance uncertain. Interactive evolutionary search and exploration provides information to the design team that contributes directly to their overall understanding of the problem domain in terms of relevant objectives, constraints, and variable ranges. This paper describes the development of certain elements within an interactive evolutionary conceptual design environment that allows off-line processing of such information leading to a redefinition of the design space. Such redefinition may refer to the inclusion or removal of objectives, changes concerning their relative importance, or the reduction of variable ranges as a better understanding of objective sensitivity is established. The emphasis, therefore, moves from a multiobjective optimization over a preset number of generations to a relatively continuous interactive evolutionary search that results in the optimal definition of both the variable and objective space relating to the design problem at hand. The paper describes those elements of the IEDS relating to such multiobjective information gathering and subsequent design space redefinition.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2004

Virtual reality environment design of managing both presence and virtual reality sickness.

It is difficult to design the Virtual Reality (VR) Environment which controls VR sickness and promotes presence. This is because the relationship between the user's susceptibility to VR sickness and a sense of presence, determined by velocity and visual angle of the visual information, involves a trade-off between the two. Then we propose the optimal value search system which computes efficiently the velocity and visual angle which control VR sickness and do not impair presence by taking account of a subject's characteristic. Under certain experimental conditions, some subjects showed serious VR sickness whose simulator sickness questionnaire total score was more than 60 and needed more than 30 minutes to recover from VR sickness. However, on the condition of angular velocity and visual angle computed by our proposed method, all subjects felt their vection, which was our index for the sense of presence, over 70 percent of their experiment time; no subject needed more than 5 minutes to recover from VR sickness.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Interactive simulation of cranial surgery in a computer aided design environment.

Accurate pre-surgical planning is a prerequisite for successful craniofacial surgery. This paper introduces a simulation system developed in a computer aided design (CAD) environment, where a 3-D mathematical model of the skull is entered. The architecture of the program yields a flexible and easy-to-use system that allows the simulation of surgery on the wire frame image of the model. Possible actions simulated are osteotomy, bending, rotation, translation and removal. Numerical values for anatomical distances and the intracranial volume are easily calculated. Information on the techniques used and the numerical data resulting from the simulation can be stored. Plots of intermediate steps of the simulation or of contours of separate pieces permit feed-back to the operating theatre.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2003

Multiple metaphor environments: designing for diversity.

This paper advances a proposition for the engineering of interactive computer-based environments capable of exhibiting alternative interactive embodiments to cope with diversity in users, interaction platforms and usage contexts. Such systems are referred to as Multiple Metaphor Environments (MME). The theoretical underpinnings of an MME rely on a conception of HCI design as mapping functions in a machine-oriented language (target domain) to symbols in a user-oriented language (source domain), and vice versa. Such a conception, which is rooted in developments in communication theory and the philosophy of language, constitutes the baseline for formulating a proposal for the design of MME. The proposal comprises a set of engineering principles, process-oriented guidelines and design techniques intended to facilitate a detailed account of how interactive systems could be designed to cope with diversity. To aid the articulation of the various properties of MME, we refer to concrete case studies that provide exemplars of novel insights and promising design practices towards the specification of MME.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1974

Open environment design for infant and toddler day care.

Group care settings for dependent people must be organized to facilitate delivery of responsive care and to prevent inadvertant neglect or deliberate abuse. Accordingly, in an infant and a toddler day-care center, an open environment was examined as a means to increase the visibility of children to staff and of staff-child interactions to the supervisor, and to investigate potential adverse effects of the open environment on infants' and toddlers' activities. These studies demonstrated that: (1) an open environment markedly decreased the amount of time a child could not be seen by any adult and the amount of time staff members' activities were not visible to the supervisor, and markedly reduced the effort required to supervise those who were not immediately visible; (2) an open environment did not adversely affect the sleep of either infants or toddlers; and (3) an open environment is as conducive to small group pre-academic activities with toddlers as is a separate room. These studies convinced us that infant and toddler day care can and should be accomplished in an open environment.

Child Day Care Centers↗
PubMed1976

Designing environments for mentally retarded clients.

An environment that stimulates the auditory, visual, and tactile senses increases appropriate behavior among mentally retarded clients and thereby reinforces their learning activities. The author describes several low-cost deisgn techniques for giving a more stimulating and personalized atmosphere to large, existing institutions; discusses design requirements for group homes for retarded and handicapped clients in the community; and summarizes design ideas to be incorporated in new facilities built for retarded clients. She describes the implementation of her design ideas on a unit for blind retarded clients at the Mansfield Training School in Connecticut.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1996

Effect of type of practice in a computer-aided design environment in visualizing three-dimensional objects from two-dimensional orthographic projections.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of practice in manipulating 2- and 3-dimensional (D) wireframe images on a learner's ability to visualize 3-D objects. Practice, either rotational or not, consisted of visualizing 2- and 3-D objects generated by personal computer (PC)-based computer-assisted design software. Results indicated that participants in the rotation treatment group performed significantly better than those in either the nonrotation or control group on measures of spatial ability and 3-D visualization ability. Both treatment groups performed significantly better than the control group on measures of metacognition, effort, and worry. These results support a conclusion that spatial ability can be improved through practice that allows the learner to see the relationship between the 2-D and 3-D features of objects.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Designing environments for captive amphibians and reptiles.

Environments for captive amphibians and reptiles play a critical role in their long-term health, and veterinarians need to be informed of the requirements of various species when evaluating the causes of disease. Enclosure size, substrates, landscaping, heating, lighting, and relative humidity are the areas of primary concern when designing vivaria. Two different approaches are used when keeping amphibians and reptiles, depending primarily on the size of the species maintained: a laboratory animal-type system and naturalistic vivarium system. The latter places more emphasis on simulating essential elements of natural habitats and on aesthetic appeal of the display.

Amphibians↗