Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Employment Status”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Association between cognitive functioning and employment status of persons with bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify variables associated with employment status among persons with bipolar disorder, including cognitive functioning, severity of symptoms, demographic variables, and variables related to course of illness. METHODS: The authors assessed the current employment status of 117 persons with bipolar disorder. Study participants' cognitive functioning was evaluated with the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status, the information and letter-number sequencing subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale III, and part A of the Trail Making Test. Symptoms were rated by using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Hamilton Depression Scale, and the Young Mania Rating Scale. A stepwise multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to predict employment status. RESULTS: Fifty-one percent of the study participants had no current work activity, 21 percent worked part-time or as volunteers, and 27 percent had full-time competitive employment. Current employment status was significantly associated with cognitive performance, especially immediate verbal memory, total symptom severity, history of psychiatric hospitalization, and maternal education. No association was found between employment status and history of psychotic symptoms, number of years of education, or age at onset of illness. CONCLUSIONS: Vocational programs for persons with bipolar disorder would benefit from inclusion of a formal cognitive assessment to better assess work potential and to study the predictors of work-related outcomes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Relations of employment status to emotional distress among chronic pain patients: a path analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study evaluated the extent to which relations between employment status and emotional distress are mediated by pain-related and psychosocial measures among employed and unemployed persons with chronic pain. DESIGN: A total of 40 unemployed and 43 employed persons reporting chronic pain were recruited from pain services at a tertiary-care hospital and community-based organizations. Volunteers completed self-report measures of pain severity, subjective financial stress, time structure, emotional distress, and background data. RESULTS: A path analysis indicated that pain severity had direct associations with both emotional distress and employment status. In addition, employment status was only indirectly related to emotional distress; this relation was mediated by levels of reported financial strain and structured purposeful time use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that pain severity and the quality of specific experiences related to being employed or unemployed as opposed to employment status per se correspond directly to levels of emotional distress reported by some persons with chronic pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

A cross-national comparison of the impact of family migration on women's employment status.

In this paper we consider the effects of family migration on women's employment status, using census microdata from Great Britain and the United States. We test a simple hypothesis that families tend to move long distances in favor of the male's career and that this can have a detrimental effect on women's employment status. Unlike many previous studies of this question, our work emphasizes the importance of identifying couples that have migrated together, rather than simply comparing long-distance (fe)male migrants with nonmigrant (fe)males individually. We demonstrate that women's employment status is harmed by family migration; the results we present are surprisingly consistent for Great Britain and the United States, despite differing economic situations and cultural norms regarding gender and migration. We also demonstrate that studies that fail to identify linked migrant couples are likely to underestimate the negative effects of family migration on women's employment status.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

The association of employment status and family status with health among women and men in four Nordic countries.

AIMS: The Nordic countries have relatively equal employment participation between men and women, but some differences between countries exist in labour market participation. The aim was to examine the association between employment status and health among women and men in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, and analyse whether this association is modified by marital status and parental status. METHODS: The data come from nationally representative cross-sectional surveys carried out in Denmark (n = 2,209), Finland (n = 4,604), Norway (n = 1,844) and Sweden (n = 5,360) in 1994-95. Women and men aged 25-49 were included. Employment status was categorized into full-time employed, part-time employed, unemployed, and housewives among women and into employed and unemployed among men. Health was measured by perceived health and limiting longstanding illness. Logistic regression analysis was used, adjusting for age and education. Marital status and parental status were analysed as modifying factors. RESULTS: The non-employed were more likely to report perceived health as below good and limiting longstanding illness than the employed among both women and men. The association between employment status and perceived health remained unchanged when marital status and parental status were adjusted for among all men and Finnish women, but the association was slightly strengthened among Danish and Swedish women, with the housewives becoming more likely to report ill health than employed women. The association between employment status and limiting longstanding illness was slightly strengthened among women, and slightly weakened among Norwegian men when marital and parental status were adjusted for. CONCLUSIONS: Non-employment was associated with poorer health in all countries, although there are differences in the employment patterns between the countries. Among women marital status and parental status showed a modest or no influence on the association between employment status and health. Among men there was no such influence.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The interrelationship between income, health and employment status.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the relatively strong association between income and health compared to that between education/occupation and health, can partly be interpreted in terms of an association between employment status and health. METHODS: Health indicators used were the prevalence of one or more chronic conditions, and perceived general health. Data were generated from a postal survey, part of the baseline data collection of a Dutch prospective cohort study on socioeconomic inequalities in health. RESULTS: After controlling for differences in other socioeconomic indicators, the association between income and health was found to be stronger than that between occupation or education and health. Most of the difference in strength was found to be due to employment status, especially among men. Controlling for employment status, and controlling for the distribution of those with a long-term work disability in particular, reduced the risks of lower income groups, whereas the risks of lower educational and occupational groups hardly changed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the relatively strong association between income and health can for a large part be interpreted in terms of an interrelationship between employment status, income and health. More specifically, it is largely due to the concentration of the long-term disabled in lower income groups. This indicates the importance of the selection mechanism, as these groups are excluded from paid employment because of their health status, leading to a lowering of income. However, income was still found to be related to perceived general health after controlling for employment status especially among women. This suggests that an explanation in terms of an effect of material factors on health may also be important.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Self-perceived oral health in adolescents associated with family characteristics and parental employment status.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate self-perceived oral health and its associations with family characteristics and parental employment status in an adolescent population from a gender perspective. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study using self-reported questionnaires answered anonymously in classrooms. SETTING: All senior (13-15 years) and upper secondary (16-18 years) level schools in Skaraborg County, Sweden. SUBJECTS: 17,035 students, participation rate 88.5%. OUTCOME MEASURES: A single-item rating of self-perceived oral health; satisfaction with the appearance of the teeth; self-assessed gingival bleeding; a perceived oral health index. RESULTS: Independent of family characteristics and parental employment status, girls, more often than boys, perceived their oral health to be good and had less self-assessed gingival bleeding but were less satisfied with the appearance of their teeth. Adolescents living with a single mother (senior level odds ratios OR 0.71 [Confidence Interval CI 0.59,0.84], upper secondary level OR 0.76 [CI 0.62,0.92]) or with neither parent were less likely to perceive their oral health as good when single-item rated and reported more gingival bleeding (living with a single mother: senior level OR 1.37 [CI 1.20.1.57], upper secondary level OR 1.51 [CI 1.28,1.77]) than those who lived with both parents, while adolescents who lived with a single father did not. Associations between parental employment status and self-perceived oral health were weak and inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS: Family characteristics were important for adolescents' self-perceived oral health while parental employment status was not. Children living in single-parent households should be supported and recognised in strategies for oral health promotion and prevention. Gender differences should also be taken into consideration.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Employment status and high blood pressure in women: variations by time and by sociodemographic characteristics.

PURPOSE: The association between employment status and high blood pressure in women was examined at two time periods to determine if associations between employment status and high blood pressure varied by time period or by age, race, education, marital status, or parental status. METHODS: Women participants from the National Health Examination Survey (1960) and the Second National Health and Nutrition Survey (1976-1980) between the ages of 25 and 64 and currently employed or keeping house were included. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the cross-sectional association between employment status and high blood pressure in each survey, taking into account potential effect modifiers and covariates. RESULTS: In 1960 employment was associated with a slight, but not statistically significant, elevation in odds of high blood pressure. In 1976-1980, it was associated with a modest but significant reduction in odds of high blood pressure. Variations in associations occurred by marital status (protective associations were limited to unmarried women) and race (associations were of stronger magnitude among African-American women). CONCLUSIONS: The employment status-high blood pressure relationship shifted across surveys. Changes in the composition of the employed and nonemployed groups account for at least part of the varying relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Finnmark Heart Study: employment status and parenthood as predictors of psychological health in women, 20-49 years.

This study examined the influence of employment status and presence of young children in the household on psychological health in a population-based sample of 3103 women aged 20-49 years. Women were classified by employment status and parental status, thus creating four groups for comparison. After excluding women reporting chronic diseases and women receiving sickness, rehabilitation, unemployment or disability benefits, analyses indicated that problems of coping, dissatisfaction with life, depression and loneliness were greatest among homemakers, particularly among those with young children. Analyses adjusted for age, education, marital status and place of residence yielded similar results. Stratification by marital status and place of residence revealed two exceptions to this general pattern: unmarried employed women with young children had the highest rate of coping problems--and parenthood, not employment status, was the most important factor for psychological health problems in rural areas. Discrepancies between an individual's behaviour and the norm in society regarding women's employment, may partly explain the findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Ambulatory physical activity, disease severity, and employment status in adult women with osteoarthritis of the hip.

OBJECTIVE: To measure ambulatory physical activity and determine associations between physical inactivity and joint function, gait function, disease severity, and employment status in adult women with hip osteoarthritis (OA) living in the community. METHODS: Sixty-five adult women with hip OA were recruited from an outpatient clinic. Ambulatory physical activity was measured using an activity monitor based on an accelerometer over 7 days, which estimated step counts, net energy expenditure, and time spent in activity by acceleration intensity. The Harris hip score, walking speed, and radiographic stage were assessed for joint function, gait function, and disease severity, respectively. Employment status was classified into unemployed and employed (sitting occupations and standing/walking occupations). RESULTS: More than 40% of patients were classified as inactive, with less time spent in moderate-intensity activity (median 5.6 vs 22.9 min/day) compared with their counterparts. Employment status and the presence or absence of stage 4 (endstage) arthritis were independently associated with activity classification, and there was an interaction between these 2 variables; i.e., although stage 4 arthritis was associated with inactivity in patients who were unemployed, it bore no relationship in patients who were employed. CONCLUSION: A significant proportion of adult women with hip OA were physically inactive, with a lack of moderate-intensity activity. The possible interaction between endstage OA and employment status requires further study to determine whether being at work negates the adverse effects of endstage OA or whether higher functioning due to physical activity enables patients with endstage OA to be employed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Diabetes, depression and employment status.

The relationship among diabetes, depression and employment status was assessed. It was hypothesized that: unemployment would be associated with diabetes; and employability problems would be associated with higher depression levels among diabetic persons than among non-diabetic persons. A case-control design was employed in which the cases (n = 56) were currently active diabetic patients and the controls (n = 56) were non-diabetic patients. Subjects were selected from a computerized data base at a primary care clinic located in Orange County, California, U.S.A. Depression was measured by the CES-D scale. The results were as follows: diabetes was associated with both depression and unemployment; being employed was the most significant predictor of depressive symptomatology followed by being diabetic; and education, type of diabetes, blood sugar level, medication type were not significant predictors of depressive symptomatology in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Problems of employment among diabetic persons may warrant special employment and counseling programs.

California↗
PubMed2005

Maternal employment status and isolated orofacial clefts in Hungary.

AIMS: To study the role of maternal employment status as indicator of socioeconomic status in the origin of isolated orofacial clefts (OFC) and in the use of periconceptional folic acid/multivitamin supplementation. METHODS: 1,975 cases with OFC (1,374 cases with cleft lip +/- palate and 601 cases with posterior cleft palate), 38,151 population controls without any defects and 20,868 patient controls with other isolated defects were compared in the population-based data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities (HCCSCA), 1980-1996. RESULTS: The proportion of professionals and managerials was lower, while the proportion of unskilled workers, housewives and others was higher in the mothers of cases with OFC compared with the population control group. However, the comparison of OFC and patient control groups did not show any difference in the employment status of mothers. A lower level of folic acid supplementation occurred in the professional and skilled worker mothers of cases with OFC compared with the population control group. This difference was confirmed by the comparison of folic acid used by mothers of cases with OFC compared with patient controls. An infrequent multivitamin use was displayed in the studied groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of OFC at birth shows a slightly lower maternal employment status as indicator of socioeconomic status than in the population control group. The higher level of maternal education does not imply a higher rate of folic acid supplementation in the group of OFC.

Case-Control Studies↗
PubMed1995

Impact of epilepsy on employment status: findings from a UK study of people with well-controlled epilepsy.

This paper examines the current employment status and recent employment history of 494 individuals with epilepsy whose seizures were well-controlled or in remission. Information about employment status and history was obtained by means of self-completion questionnaires, sent to eligible subjects by post. The sampling frame from which subjects were recruited were neurology out-patient departments across the UK. The majority of subjects had epilepsy in remission: only 15% had had a seizure in the last year and only 25% reported one in the last two years. A high proportion of respondents were currently in employment. Of those who were not, few attributed this to their epilepsy; nor did epilepsy seem to have a significant impact on recent employment history. In spite of the lack of evidence of any actual discrimination, a third of respondents nevertheless felt their condition affected their ability to obtain employment. The findings from earlier studies of high unemployment rates partly reflect bias in the samples studied. Our data provide evidence that where seizures are well-controlled and uncomplicated by other handicap, people with epilepsy do not generally experience problems with employment.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2006

Health-related quality of life in multiple sclerosis: The impact of disability, gender and employment status.

OBJECTIVES: (1) Evaluate the impact of the patient characteristics of disability, gender and employment status on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in multiple sclerosis (MS) and (2) Characterize the functional relationship between HRQOL and disability overall, and by gender and employment status. METHODS: We assessed the HRQOL of 215 MS outpatients in our clinic using the MSQOL-54 and Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and that of 172 healthy controls, using the SF-36 (a subset of MSQOL-54). We compared QOL between MS subgroups defined by disability, gender and employment, and computed the linear and non-linear relationships between disability level measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) and MSQOL-54 dimensions. RESULTS: QOL of MS patients measured by SF-36 is lower than controls, varying by QOL dimension with the greatest difference emerging for physical aspects of the disease. The relationship of physical disability, measured by EDSS, and all 14 MSQOL-54 dimensions and FSS is negative; for 12 of the 14 dimensions and FSS it is also non-linear. Non-linearity is most pronounced among women, who show a weak EDSS/QOL relationship at higher levels of physical disability, suggesting women better able to "psychologically buffer" the debilitating aspects of MS. While employed have higher QOL than unemployed, the former are more affected by physical disability. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple attributes, including disability, gender and employment status, affect QOL. QOL's relationship with disability is complex, displaying non-linearity and interacting with patient characteristics. This has implication for QOL research methodology and provides insight into factors affecting patients' perceptions of well-being.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Relationship among employment status, stressful life events, and depression in single mothers.

This purpose of this study was to extend our understanding of employment status as a social determinant of psychological distress among single mothers. A cross-sectional survey assessing stressful life events and depression was completed with 96 single mothers (48 employed and 48 social assistance [SA] recipients) between November 2003 and March 2004. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was significantly higher for the SA recipients. Mild, moderate, and severe depressive symptoms were reported by 2%, 23%, and 67%, respectively, of SA recipients. Total stressful events were markedly greater for SA recipients. In addition, SA recipients reported larger numbers of housing, health, social, and financial stressors. Regression analysis indicated that 40.6% of the variation in depressive symptoms among single mothers was explained by their employment status and stressful events. The findings suggest that women's employment status significantly impacts on their psychological well-being. Implications for nursing practice, policy development, and future research are identified and discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Impacts of educational level and employment status on mortality for Japanese women and men: the Jichi Medical School cohort study.

The objective of this study was to examine educational levels and employment status as independent determinants of overall and cause-specific mortality in a Japanese population. Participants were 4,301 men and 6,780 women in a multi-center community-based prospective study, and data of the baseline survey was collected between 1992 and 1995. The participants were followed up until December 31, 2002 (the average follow-up period was 9.17 years). Early termination of education was associated with an increased risk of mortality from all causes for both men and women. This tendency was more prominent in women aged 59 and younger (hazard ratio (HR) = 3.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.18-12.34), after adjusting for confounding factors using the Cox proportional hazard models. Similar trends were shown for men; specifically, cardiovascular disease mortality for all men was increased by early termination of education (HR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.17-7.52) compared to later termination. For employment status, unemployed men showed increased mortality from all causes compared to white-collar workers (HR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.00-2.28). Female farmers and forestry workers showed reduced mortality from all causes compared to white-collar workers (HR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.93). Male farmers and forestry workers also showed reduced mortality from cardiovascular diseases compared to white-collar workers (HR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.14-0.82). Educational level and employment status may affect mortality for Japanese women and men.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Predicting the effect of disability on employment status and income.

Research shows that participation in employment contributes to life satisfaction for persons with disabilities [18]. Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) sought to prohibit discrimination against persons with disabilities in the workplace, however, the ADA's effectiveness remains controversial. This research utilizes data from the disability supplement of the 2000 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System to examine the impact of disability status on predicting employment status and income. Confounding variables such as gender, age, educational level, race and marital/parental status are examined regarding their influence on results. Results from analysis utilizing zero-order correlation, linear and logistic regression analysis techniques revealed that disability status has a significant predictive effect on inability to work. Furthermore, results continue to show that despite legislation, the higher the level of disability, the lower the employment status (those employed for wages) and income. Finally, disability status, coupled with being female or decreased educational level, consistently shows significance in predicting lower employment status and income than men or non-minorities with disabilities. Future research opportunities and policy implications are discussed with regard to the results presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Physical activity and employment status of patients on maintenance dialysis.

Existing data on the clinical outcome of maintenance dialysis for end-stage kidney disease focus mainly on the duration of life. We surveyed 18 dialysis centers to gain a broader overview of the current status of 2481 patients on dialysis, irrespective of the type or location of dialysis. The results suggest that 12 per cent of dialysis patients are diabetics and that 53 per cent are 50 years of age or older. There was considerable variation among centers in the degree of rehabilitation; nevertheless, only 60 per cent of the nondiabetic patients and 23 per cent of the diabetic patients were capable of a level of physical activity beyond that of caring for themselves. Only one quarter of the patients worked outside the home, whereas one third worked at home. These results suggest that a larger proportion of dialysis patients than previously suspected are severely debilitated. There is a need for improved data on the quality and length of life of patients on maintenance dialysis.

Activities of Daily Living↗