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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Employment status, employment characteristics, and women's health.

This study looked at characteristics of employment which are related to positive health among women. Aspects of employment which may account for health status differences between employed women and those not in the labor force were also studied. The subjects were 1140 adult females, aged 18 through 64. Medical record data covering seven years of inpatient and outpatient services were linked with survey data of the respondents. For all ages, women employed in jobs with a higher degree of social support and integration had better health than women in jobs with little social support and integration through work. The findings suggest that the social support and integration gained through work is a salient aspect of employment which contributes to health status differences between employed women and those not participating in the labor force.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Two-year follow-up study of coronary bypass surgery. Psychologic status, employment status, and quality of life.

This study is a prospective report of the cases of 135 patients who were slated for coronary artery bypass grafting and selected according to designated criteria. Patients received, in addition to an interview, a comprehensive cognitive, neuropsychologic, and personality assessment 2 weeks before operation and 3, 12, and 24 months after operation. Of the available sample, 82.3% completed the full study. There was no evidence of intellectual or neuropsychologic impairment after operation. Most patients returned to preoperative status 3 months after bypass grafting. Further improvement may continue 12 and 24 months after operation. The personality tests revealed that anticipation of the operation resulted in signs of emotional arousal and distress, which dissipated after a successful surgical outcome. Similarly, return to work and quality of life was enhanced. The current study represents the first systematic, longer-term follow-up of the psychologic and social consequences of coronary artery bypass grafting operations. The findings of this study are discussed within a model of social reconstitution after the successful resolution of a life-threatening medical condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Family and employment status associated with women's criminal behavior.

Exploring the relationship between women's criminal behavior as evidenced in violence, type of crime, prior criminal history, and the fulfillment of traditional female roles delineated by marital status, employment status, or presence of children in the home of the woman was based on the evaluation of 141 female inmates, which indicated a limited relationship between fulfilling traditional female roles and the nature of female criminal activity. Married and previously married subjects tended to be involved primarily with murder and secondarily with theft. Single subjects were involved primarily with theft and secondarily involved with robbery. Employed subjects were more likely to be involved with theft and nonviolent crime. Unemployed subjects were more likely to be involved in violent crimes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

A meta-analysis of change in marital and employment status as predictors of alcohol consumption on a typical occasion.

Meta-analysis is used to combine results of primary data from 12 longitudinal studies to examine the consistency of results with respect to the role of changes on the individual level in marital status and employment status on changes in consumption of alcohol per typical occasion. The analyses control for the effects of Time 1 consumption per occasion and education. Not getting married and becoming unmarried are associated with increased consumption at follow-up and both variables are positively related to increased consumption among older men, but only becoming unmarried was related to increased consumption among older women. Becoming married is homogeneously and negatively associated with consumption at follow-up for younger and older persons of both sexes. Chronic unemployment is negatively related to consumption at follow-up among older males and younger females. Becoming unemployed between measurements is homogeneously and negatively related to consumption among older males and females, but positively related among younger males. Becoming employed is homogeneously and positively related to later consumption among all groups except young females.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Consistency between maternal employment attitudes and employment status.

The stability of mothers' attitudes toward employment, employment status, and consistency between employment attitudes and behavior over a 15-month period was examined. Factors such as family finances, availability of child care, and child's health status that could influence either employment attitudes or employment behavior were explored. Mothers of preterm infants (N = 98) and mothers of full-term, healthy infants (N = 101) completed questionnaires regarding home/employment orientation, choice and satisfaction with the employment decision, and employment behavior as part of a battery of instruments administered when their infants were 3, 9, and 18 months old. Analyses indicated considerable stability in attitudes, behaviors, and consistency over a 15-month period for mothers of both full-term and preterm infants. Consistency groups were created based on employment status (employed versus not employed) and consistency status (consistent versus inconsistent) at each time point. Consistency groups differed on ratings of financial need and availability of child care.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Changes in employment status: the experiences of Ontario registered nurses.

Telephone survey data were collected from 1,056 Ontario registered nurses to examine employment status (full-time, part-time, casual employment) of nursing professionals over time, through a detailed analysis of different forms of employment status change or mobility. Both internal (within-job) and external (between-job) forms of employment status change were investigated. The survey data revealed that the average duration of employment careers was 16.7 years (+/- 9.2 years), 78.5% of survey respondents reported at least one change in employment status over the course of their working careers, and 54.9% reported two or more changes over time. Changes in family status (changes in marital status and having children during employment career) were shown to be strongly associated with greater external employment status mobility. The duration of jobs was found to be strongly associated with greater internal employment status mobility. Implications for improved flexibility in employment status within health care settings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The relation between maternal employment status and the stability of attachments to mother and to father.

Recent investigations of the relation between maternal employment and the stability of infant attachments have implied that maternal employment introduces a stressful, unpredictable element into family life. To assess the effect of maternal employment per se, stable and changing maternal employment status were distinguished in this study. Classifications of the quality of infant-mother and of infant-father attachments were made for 59 children at 12 and 20 months of age using the Ainsworth strange situation paradigm. The stability of attachments from 12 to 20 months was examined in 4 groups defined by maternal employment status. 3 of these groups (nonemployed, part-time employed, full-time employed) were characterized by no change in maternal employment status from several months prior to the first assessment of attachment through the 20-month assessment; the fourth group was characterized by maternal employment status that changed between the 2 assessments of attachment. Among the stable conditions of maternal employment status there was no indication of differences in the stability of attachment to either parent whether the mother was employed or not, indicating that maternal employment can lend as much stability to family relationships as the condition of maternal nonemployment. No changes in the quality of attachment to mother and relatively frequent changes in attachment to father (46%) were present when mother changed employment status. The basis for this difference is discussed in terms of maternal versus paternal response to alterations in life-style initiated by mother's employment changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Relations of employment status to emotional distress among chronic pain patients: a path analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This cross-sectional study evaluated the extent to which relations between employment status and emotional distress are mediated by pain-related and psychosocial measures among employed and unemployed persons with chronic pain. DESIGN: A total of 40 unemployed and 43 employed persons reporting chronic pain were recruited from pain services at a tertiary-care hospital and community-based organizations. Volunteers completed self-report measures of pain severity, subjective financial stress, time structure, emotional distress, and background data. RESULTS: A path analysis indicated that pain severity had direct associations with both emotional distress and employment status. In addition, employment status was only indirectly related to emotional distress; this relation was mediated by levels of reported financial strain and structured purposeful time use. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that pain severity and the quality of specific experiences related to being employed or unemployed as opposed to employment status per se correspond directly to levels of emotional distress reported by some persons with chronic pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The interrelationship between income, health and employment status.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that the relatively strong association between income and health compared to that between education/occupation and health, can partly be interpreted in terms of an association between employment status and health. METHODS: Health indicators used were the prevalence of one or more chronic conditions, and perceived general health. Data were generated from a postal survey, part of the baseline data collection of a Dutch prospective cohort study on socioeconomic inequalities in health. RESULTS: After controlling for differences in other socioeconomic indicators, the association between income and health was found to be stronger than that between occupation or education and health. Most of the difference in strength was found to be due to employment status, especially among men. Controlling for employment status, and controlling for the distribution of those with a long-term work disability in particular, reduced the risks of lower income groups, whereas the risks of lower educational and occupational groups hardly changed. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the relatively strong association between income and health can for a large part be interpreted in terms of an interrelationship between employment status, income and health. More specifically, it is largely due to the concentration of the long-term disabled in lower income groups. This indicates the importance of the selection mechanism, as these groups are excluded from paid employment because of their health status, leading to a lowering of income. However, income was still found to be related to perceived general health after controlling for employment status especially among women. This suggests that an explanation in terms of an effect of material factors on health may also be important.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Employment status and high blood pressure in women: variations by time and by sociodemographic characteristics.

PURPOSE: The association between employment status and high blood pressure in women was examined at two time periods to determine if associations between employment status and high blood pressure varied by time period or by age, race, education, marital status, or parental status. METHODS: Women participants from the National Health Examination Survey (1960) and the Second National Health and Nutrition Survey (1976-1980) between the ages of 25 and 64 and currently employed or keeping house were included. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the cross-sectional association between employment status and high blood pressure in each survey, taking into account potential effect modifiers and covariates. RESULTS: In 1960 employment was associated with a slight, but not statistically significant, elevation in odds of high blood pressure. In 1976-1980, it was associated with a modest but significant reduction in odds of high blood pressure. Variations in associations occurred by marital status (protective associations were limited to unmarried women) and race (associations were of stronger magnitude among African-American women). CONCLUSIONS: The employment status-high blood pressure relationship shifted across surveys. Changes in the composition of the employed and nonemployed groups account for at least part of the varying relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Finnmark Heart Study: employment status and parenthood as predictors of psychological health in women, 20-49 years.

This study examined the influence of employment status and presence of young children in the household on psychological health in a population-based sample of 3103 women aged 20-49 years. Women were classified by employment status and parental status, thus creating four groups for comparison. After excluding women reporting chronic diseases and women receiving sickness, rehabilitation, unemployment or disability benefits, analyses indicated that problems of coping, dissatisfaction with life, depression and loneliness were greatest among homemakers, particularly among those with young children. Analyses adjusted for age, education, marital status and place of residence yielded similar results. Stratification by marital status and place of residence revealed two exceptions to this general pattern: unmarried employed women with young children had the highest rate of coping problems--and parenthood, not employment status, was the most important factor for psychological health problems in rural areas. Discrepancies between an individual's behaviour and the norm in society regarding women's employment, may partly explain the findings.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1986

Diabetes, depression and employment status.

The relationship among diabetes, depression and employment status was assessed. It was hypothesized that: unemployment would be associated with diabetes; and employability problems would be associated with higher depression levels among diabetic persons than among non-diabetic persons. A case-control design was employed in which the cases (n = 56) were currently active diabetic patients and the controls (n = 56) were non-diabetic patients. Subjects were selected from a computerized data base at a primary care clinic located in Orange County, California, U.S.A. Depression was measured by the CES-D scale. The results were as follows: diabetes was associated with both depression and unemployment; being employed was the most significant predictor of depressive symptomatology followed by being diabetic; and education, type of diabetes, blood sugar level, medication type were not significant predictors of depressive symptomatology in a stepwise multiple regression analysis. Problems of employment among diabetic persons may warrant special employment and counseling programs.

California↗
PubMed1995

Impact of epilepsy on employment status: findings from a UK study of people with well-controlled epilepsy.

This paper examines the current employment status and recent employment history of 494 individuals with epilepsy whose seizures were well-controlled or in remission. Information about employment status and history was obtained by means of self-completion questionnaires, sent to eligible subjects by post. The sampling frame from which subjects were recruited were neurology out-patient departments across the UK. The majority of subjects had epilepsy in remission: only 15% had had a seizure in the last year and only 25% reported one in the last two years. A high proportion of respondents were currently in employment. Of those who were not, few attributed this to their epilepsy; nor did epilepsy seem to have a significant impact on recent employment history. In spite of the lack of evidence of any actual discrimination, a third of respondents nevertheless felt their condition affected their ability to obtain employment. The findings from earlier studies of high unemployment rates partly reflect bias in the samples studied. Our data provide evidence that where seizures are well-controlled and uncomplicated by other handicap, people with epilepsy do not generally experience problems with employment.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed1981

Physical activity and employment status of patients on maintenance dialysis.

Existing data on the clinical outcome of maintenance dialysis for end-stage kidney disease focus mainly on the duration of life. We surveyed 18 dialysis centers to gain a broader overview of the current status of 2481 patients on dialysis, irrespective of the type or location of dialysis. The results suggest that 12 per cent of dialysis patients are diabetics and that 53 per cent are 50 years of age or older. There was considerable variation among centers in the degree of rehabilitation; nevertheless, only 60 per cent of the nondiabetic patients and 23 per cent of the diabetic patients were capable of a level of physical activity beyond that of caring for themselves. Only one quarter of the patients worked outside the home, whereas one third worked at home. These results suggest that a larger proportion of dialysis patients than previously suspected are severely debilitated. There is a need for improved data on the quality and length of life of patients on maintenance dialysis.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1997

The impact of psychosocial features of employment status on emotional distress in chronic pain and healthy comparison samples.

This study examined the extent to which measures of psychosocial features of employment status predict emotional distress in chronic pain (n = 83) and healthy comparison (n = 88) samples. Participants completed measures of emotional distress, pain severity, psychosocial features of employment status, and demographic data. After controlling for length of current unemployment, number of pain sites, and level of current pain severity, psychosocial measures (structured and purposeful time use, perceived financial security, skill use, social support form formal sources) were significant predictors of emotional distress in the chronic pain sample. Similar results were obtained for the healthy comparison sample. Structured and purposeful time use emerged as the most significant individual predictor of emotional distress for both samples. Findings are discussed in terms of their potential implications for treating chronic pain patients and the need to develop multidimensional measures that assess features of employment status within chronic pain samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Cognitive beliefs following severe traumatic brain injury: association with post-injury employment status.

In this exploratory study, the cognitive beliefs of 19 severely traumatically brain-injured (TBI) patients were assessed to determine their association with post-injury employment status (that is, full-time, part-time or unemployed). Cognitive measures included the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC) scale, the Revised Internal-External Scale (RIES) and the Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). Patients who did not return to their pre-injury level of employment (n = 10) were found to have lower MHLC Internal, higher RIES Powerful Others locus of control beliefs, and higher BHS scores as compared with a group of patients who returned to their pre-injury employment status (n = 9). In addition, longer lengths of post-traumatic amnesia, longer hospital stays and lower-prestige occupations post-injury were associated with poorer employment status. No differences were present between the groups in age, years of education, Glasgow Coma Scale on admission, length of coma, months post-injury, or pre-injury occupation. These results suggest that cognitive beliefs are a potential target for further research in TBI outcome.

Adult↗