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PubMed1991

Myocardial dysfunction and norepinephrine release in the isolated rat heart injured by electrolysis-induced oxygen free radicals.

In the present investigation, we used electrolysis as a source of oxygen free radicals to test their possible role in norepinephrine release, as well as in the mechanism of cellular injury, cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias. In the isolated rat heart perfused under constant pressure, according to the Langendorff technique, electrolysis of the Krebs-Henseleit solution (10 mA d.c. current for 1 min) produced myocardial irreversible dysfunction within 5 min. Fifteen minutes after electrolysis, significant falls in the left ventricular pressure (from 87.5 +/- 6.8 to 33.7 +/- 5.2 mmHg), dP/dt max (from 1230 +/- 90 to 375 +/- 59 mmHg/s), heart rate (from 287 +/- 18 to 119 +/- 13.5 beats/min) and coronary flow (from 14.8 +/- 9 to 3.4 +/- 1.7 ml/min) were observed, along with an increase in left ventricular end diastolic pressure from 10 to 50 +/- 3.5 mmHg (n = 8, P less than 0.01). AV conduction block and/or sinus bradycardia were noted in all preparations. An increase in norepinephrine washout from 298.5 +/- 84 at baseline to 610 +/- 110 pg/min/g 5 min after electrolysis was measured (n = 8, P less than 0.05) and a 44.8 +/- 9.2% and 35 +/- 7.5% reduction, respectively in right and left ventricular tissue norepinephrine content was also found at 30 min (n = 5, P less than 0.05). Pretreatment of the hearts 10 min before electrolysis and throughout the experimental period by superoxide dismutase (SOD; 100 U/ml), catalase (150 U/ml), a combination of SOD + catalase or mannitol (50 mM) partially blocked the deleterious effect of free radicals and permitted a functional recovery of 50 to 60%, mannitol being the more potent protective agent. Furthermore, these scavengers also significantly reduced norepinephrine washout.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The kinetics of removal of proteins adsorbed on a stainless steel surface by H2O2-electrolysis and factors affecting its performance.

The kinetics of the removal of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) adsorbed on a stainless steel surface by H(2)O(2)-electrolysis treatment, in which hydroxyl radicals (.OHs) generated by the electrolysis of hydrogen peroxide decompose the substances adhering on the surface, was investigated. The rate of removal of the adsorbed beta-Lg from the stainless steel surface during the treatment was monitored in situ by ellipsometry. The dependencies of the removal rate on the H(2)O(2) concentration, the electric potential applied to the surface, and the supporting electrolyte concentration were examined and the results were compared with those obtained for the treatment of a titanium surface. Differences in the removal rates of the protein from the stainless steel and titanium surfaces are discussed with respect to differences in the nature of the interaction between the protein and the surface. The atomic compositions of the stainless steel surface before and after treatment were analyzed by Auger electron spectroscopy, and the stainless steel surface was found not to be affected by the H(2)O(2)-electrolysis treatment. The influences of various coexisting materials on removal characteristics during the H(2)O(2)-electrolysis treatment were also investigated. The difference between the effect of coexisting substances on the decomposition rate for the radical reaction in the H(2)O(2)-electrolysis treatment and that for the well-known UV-H(2)O(2) treatment in bulk solution is discussed.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2005

Extending the lifetime of the running electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis by using additional compartments for external electrolysis.

The use of two additional reservoirs to accommodate the electrodes of the power source is proposed to improve the stability of the running electrolyte in capillary electrophoresis. The basic idea is to use salt bridges to connect those reservoirs to the ones containing the capillary ends. Although simple, there are several issues that can be considered in the design and implementation of such system in order to prevent undesired transference of material between the electrolysis and the main reservoirs. The use of a sealed electrolysis reservoir without a gas phase, the use of materials that ensure volume stability, and the use of bridges as long as possible are three basic directions. A compromise is involved in the dimensions of the sectional area of the bridge, because a small area diminishes the amount of a species transferred by diffusion but leads to an undesirable increase of the electrical field during the electrophoretic running. Thus, a bridge composed of a main wide-bore tube connected to a small-bore capillary seems to give the best performance for practical use. A simple electrolysis-separated system was adapted to a preexisting capillary electrophoresis system, and its performance was evaluated with a mixture of tartaric, malic, and succinic acids that was separated in sodium benzoate solution (pH 5.5) using the original equipment and the modified one. Due to the water electrolysis and the small buffering capacity of the electrolyte, there was a significant pH change and consequently changes in the effective mobilities of the analytes and loss of resolution after a few runs using the original equipment. Using the electrolysis-separated system, no significant change in the migration time and resolution was observed even after 15 runs. Besides the freedom to prepare running electrolytes with electroactive species or unbuffered solution, high throughput and the use of small reservoirs, such as the ones used in microfluidic devices, are the main advantages of the system.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2004

The lack of a systemic inflammatory response syndrome supports the safety of pancreatic electrolysis: experimental studies.

BACKGROUND: Per-ductal pancreatic electrolysis is a new minimally invasive ablation treatment. Possible applications include tumor debulking and treatment of chronic pancreatitis. Both solid organ ablation and pancreatitis are associated with the risk of an overwhelming systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and multiorgan failure. TNF-alpha and IL1-beta are important cytokine mediators of this response. The aim of this study was to measure the circulating levels of IL1-beta and TNF-alpha following pancreatic electrolytic ablation as a marker of the risk of SIRS complicating per-ductal pancreatic electrolysis. METHODS: Serum TNF-alpha and IL1-beta were measured in six treatment and six control pigs before and after laparotomy and pancreatic electrolytic ablation via a per-ductal approach. RESULTS: There was no significant rise in serum TNF-alpha and IL1-beta in association with per-ductal pancreatic electrolysis. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the evidence that per-ductal electrolysis is a safe procedure with potential for palliative treatment of pancreatic cancers.

Amylases↗
PubMed2003

The development and evaluation of electrolysis in conjunction with power ultrasound for the disinfection of bacterial suspensions.

There is an increasing incidence in health problems related to environmental issues that originate from inadequate treatment of potable waters. This has compelled scientists and engineers to engage in innovative technologies to achieve a maximum disinfection at affordable costs. Some species of bacteria produce colonies and spores that can agglomerate in spherical clusters and thus protect organisms on the inside of the cluster against biocidal attack. Flocs of fine particles (e.g., clay) can entrap bacteria and this can also protect them against the biocides. Other bacteria have the ability to mutate, thus building up resistance to conventional biocides (e.g., chlorine). Ultrasound has been shown to be effective in improving the effectiveness of biocides such as chlorine. The aim of this present study was to investigate the effect of electrolysis and power ultrasound as a disinfection treatment and to provide a greater knowledge of the fundamentals of disinfection through the production of hypochlorite in situ from saline solution via electrolysis. The electrode materials investigated were, carbon (felt and graphite), copper and stainless steel rods. The results show that sonication appears to amplify the effect of electrolysis. A combination of both treatments is significantly better than sonication or electrolysis alone.

Disinfection↗
PubMed1995

Structural study of electrolysis-induced degradation of the growth hormone releasing peptide His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2.

Growth hormone releasing peptide (GHRP, sequence His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2) is a synthetic hexapeptide under consideration for transdermal iontophoretic drug delivery. Cyclic voltammetry, controlled-potential electrolysis, HPLC/UV analysis, LC/MS/MS analysis, and EPR spin-trapping studies indicate that the electrolysis-induced oxidative degradation of GHRP is likely to be mediated by electrogenerated oxygen radicals from the electrolysis of water. Within 2 h and up to 2.5 V versus an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, the peptide backbone remains largely intact. The chemical modifications are selectively on imidazole (histidine) and indole (tryptophan). Strategies for alleviating the electrolysis-induced degradation of GHRP are proposed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Development of a separate tank with an electrolysis-dependent bacteria controlling system for the long term storage of potable water.

For the long term storage of tap water, we developed a separate type of tank (5 m3) equipped with an electrolysis system to control bacterial growth. The electrolysis conditions using 20A direct current and a water flow rate of 10 L/min were capable of producing available chlorine (AC) at the rate of 5-8mg/min and raising the AC level of the stored tap water by about 0.2 mg/kg within 20-30 min The electrolyzed tap water with 0.2 mg/kg AC showed a capability per ml of killing 10(5)-10(6) cfu of bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa within 15 sec. A 6-month trial operation of the storage system with an automatic electrolysis control to keep AC level ranging 0.2-0.4 mg/kg demonstrated that the system worked well for the stored tap water in suppressing bacterial growth as well as in keeping good potable quality with reference to the 46 parameters specified for Japanese tap water. Actually, the electrolysis treatment was administered intermittently with an interval of about two weeks. Thus we believe the developed system has good potential to secure a potable water supply not only in the occasion of emergencies but also in countries having problems in the supply of safe drinking water.

Chlorine↗
PubMed2003

Micro-electrolysis technology for industrial wastewater treatment.

Experiments were conducted to study the role of micro-electrolysis in removing chromaticity and COD and improving the biodegradability of wastewater from pharmaceutical, dye-printing and papermaking plants. Results showed that the use of micro-electrolysis technology could remove more than 90% of chromaticity and more than 50% of COD and greatly improved the biodegradability of pharmaceutical wastewater. Lower initial pH could be advantageous to the removal of chromaticity. A retention time of 30 minutes was recommended for the process design of micro-electrolysis. For the use of micro-electrolysis in treatment of dye-printing wastewater, the removal rates of both chromaticity and COD were increased from neutral condition to acid condition for disperse blue wastewater; more than 90% of chromaticity and more than 50% of COD could be removed in neutral condition for vital red wastewater.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗
PubMed2004

[Electrolysis in rhinolaryngology--one of justifiably forgotten method of XIX-century therapy].

The essence of electrolysis, the physico-chemical changes in this process are described first of all. The constructions of electrolytic apparatuses and needles is presented in more detail. The achievements of such physicians as Julius Althaus and Victor von Bruns are pointed out. The role of such rhinolaryngologists as Friedrich E. Voltolini, Arthur Kuttner, Ricardo Botey, Kafemann, Antoni Jurasz sen. and Teodor Heryng in therapeutical process of electrolysis is presented with full particulars. The electrolysis was used especially in hypertrophic rhinitis, deformations of nasal septum, nasal scleroma, tumores of naso-pharyngeal cavity, hypertrophy of palatine tonsills, laryngeal polypes, laryngeal tuberculosis and laryngeal stenosis. Electrolysis was a prolonged and rather painful method and is justifiably forgotten method.

Austria↗
PubMed1991

Electrolysis with different electrode materials and combined with irradiation for treatment of experimental rat tumors.

In order to make electrolytic tumor destruction more effective new electrode materials were tested (Part I) as well as a combination of electrolysis and megavolt therapy (Part II). All tests were performed in experimental tumors implanted subcutaneously in rats. Altogether in 41 rats in 5 series (Part I) electrodes made of rhodium (Rh), copper (Cu), or brass (Zn-Cu alloy) were investigated but the effect was not found to be better than that of the previously tested platinum (Pt). Oxidation and corrosion made Rh and Cu electrodes less suitable for electrolysis compared to Pt, while brass electrodes became isolated through zinc-salt-formation and performed unsatisfactorily. The radiosensitizing properties of electrolysis were tested in 55 rats with experimental tumors (Part II). One control group had only Co-irradiation, while in 2 other groups Cu- or Pt-electrolysis of the tumors was carried out before irradiation. The combined treatment resulted in a significantly better effect on the tumors, registered as inhibition of tumor growth or disappearance of tumor. As the electrolyzed, necrotic tissue remained in the tumor the effect might not be mediated through diminished target volume. An inflammatory reaction around the electrolytic lesion with increased blood flow and higher oxygenation of the tumor could cause a more positive response to megavolt treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[Measurement of pancreatic microcirculation using hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis in dogs].

Measurements of pancreatic microflow were investigated using hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis in dog. After laparatomy under general anesthesia, uncinate process of the pancreas was punctured by a needle electrode for electrolysis and determination of hydrogen gas. The consecutive measurements of pancreatic microflow revealed the good reproducibility at the same point of the pancreas. The simultaneous measurements of pancreatic microflow by electrolysis and pancreatic tissue blood flow by H2 inhalation method were carried out at the same point of the pancreas. Correlation analysis of both measurements revealed coefficient of 0.751 and a significant relationship was observed (p less than 0.05). However, the value was a little higher in pancreatic microflow as compared with pancreatic tissue blood flow. Pancreatic microflow and pancreatic exocrine secretion increased after intravenous administration of Dopamine and Secretin (10 micrograms/kg/min). It is concluded that the measurement of pancreatic microflow by hydrogen gas generated by electrolysis is a useful method on understanding the microcirculation of the pancreas.

Alprostadil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Coincidence of the process of hydrogen-oxidizing bacterial culture and nutrient medium electrolysis].

The main factors limiting the possibility of organizing the cultivation of the hydrogen-oxidizing bacterium Alcaligenes eutropha Z-1 in combination with electrolysis were determined: accumulation of the oxidizing agents (hypochlorite, persulfate ions, hydrogen peroxide) in the process of electrolysis and deposition of microelements contained in the growth medium on the cathode. The limits for the susceptibility of the bacterium to the oxidizing agents were established. The rate of accumulation of the oxidizing agents and formation of the cathode deposit were found to depend on the current density, the pH and composition of a solution, and several other factors. The concentration of hypochlorite decreased if the content of chloride ions in the growth medium was reduced to approximately 10(-5) g/l; the concentrations of persulfate and hydrogen peroxide is decreased using a certain electrolysis regime and adding ferrous ions which reduce the oxidizing agents. The cathode deposit is dissolved by periodically reversing the current in the course of electrolysis.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMed1986

Electrolysis-induced myocardial dysfunction. A novel method for the study of free radical mediated tissue injury.

Oxygen-derived free radicals and other oxidizing species are thought to be involved in inflammation and ischemic tissue injuries. Recently, oxygen-derived free radicals also have been implicated in tissue injury of the myocardium subjected to ischemia/reperfusion. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if electrolysis of a physiological buffer would serve as a source of free radicals, and if these radicals would lead to alterations in myocardial function. Isolated Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts perfused with buffer subjected to a 20 mA D.C. current for 2 min demonstrated significant increases in coronary perfusion pressure (37 +/- 6 mmHg), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (41 +/- 7 mmHg), and loss in left ventricular developed pressure (35 +/- 5%). The free radical scavengers, superoxide dismutase and a combination of tryptophan plus glycine, were effective in protecting the hearts from the effects of electrolysis. The presence of free radicals was semiquantitated with a radical-luminol chemiluminescent assay. In this assay a variety of radical scavengers and antioxidants were effective (i.e., dimethyl sulfoxide, nitro blue tetrazolium, ascorbate, superoxide dismutase, 1, 3-diphenylisobenzofuran, and glycine, catalase), whereas mannitol and tryptophan were not effective. The data indicate that electrolysis of a physiological buffer produces a milieu containing several reactive oxygen species or free radicals that have the potential to produce alterations in a biological system. This method has the advantage over existing protocols for the generation of radicals in that it is a blood-free and an enzyme-free system.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

A new method for drug application using electrolysis of water.

A micropipette for drug application using the electrolysis of water is described. The drug solution is applied from the tip of a micropipette by the pressure of the hydrogen and oxygen gas that are produced by electrolysis of water in the micropipette. The amount of the drug applied is proportioned to the applied current and time of electrolysis. This method is simple, reliable and effective for the application of any kind of drug.

Electrolysis↗
PubMed2005

Inactivation of antineoplastics in clinical wastewater by electrolysis.

Wastewater from clinical institutions contains a considerable amount of toxic substances. Among the toxic substances, antineoplastics may induce carcinogenesis, teratogenesis, and the emergence of mutant microorganisms in the environment. Although the incineration or chemical treatments of disposed antineoplastics are recommended, a high energy during incineration and a careful quality control during chemical treatment are required. In this study, we determined the conditions for the electrolytic treatment of an antineoplastic, epirubicin hydrochloride (EH), using two platinum electrodes with a constant current of 100 mA. We analyzed the cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antibacterial activity of electrolyzed EH and compared them with those of unelectrolyzed EH. Nearly 100% cytotoxicity, mutagenicity and antibacterial activity were eliminated and HPLC did not detect an EH molecule, in the case of electrolysis for 6 h. We also examined the biological cytotoxicities of electrolyzed irinotecan hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, mitomycin C, paclitaxel, methotrexate and cisplatin, and found that 72.1-99.999% toxicity was eliminated by electrolysis under the same conditions. The biological toxicity of a mixture of these drugs was determined to be decreased by approximately 99% by electrolysis under the same conditions.

Antibiotics, Antineoplastic↗
PubMed2006

Copper(II)-EDTA sorption onto chitosan and its regeneration applying electrolysis.

Cu(II)-EDTA (ethylendiaminetetraacetate) complexes are widely used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards. In order to avoid the outlet into the environment the sorption of complexes onto chitosan is proposed. The uptake of both Cu(II) and EDTA proceeds in weakly acidic (pH 3-5) and strongly alkaline (pH > 12) solutions. In acidic solutions EDTA sorption prevails. FT-IR investigations have shown that in acidic solutions the amide bonds between -COOH groups of EDTA and -NH2 groups of chitosan were formed. In alkaline solutions the single EDTA sorption does not proceed. In this media the sorption is enhanced by Cu(II) ions. The possible sorption mechanisms are discussed. The uptake of both Cu(II) and EDTA by chitosan depends on the ratio between them in solutions. EDTA sorption in acidic solutions increases with increase in its concentration while that of Cu(II) decreases. In alkaline solutions the sorption of both Cu(II) and EDTA increases with increase in Cu(II) concentration. The use of electrolysis enables to regenerate chitosan and to reuse it. During electrolysis copper is deposited onto the cathode and EDTA is oxidized onto the anode. The current efficiency depends on the current intensity, the load of chitosan and the pH of the background electrolyte. Electrolysis under the most favorable conditions ensures the 10-cycles regeneration without considerable changes in the sorption properties of chitosan. FT-IR spectra of the initial and regenerated chitosans are similar.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2002

Analysis of active chemical species generated by electrolysis using non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis. Detection of the anion radical and the divalent anion of tetracyanoquinodimethane.

We have investigated detection of the anion radical and the divalent anion of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) by acetonitrile-CE under anaerobic conditions. With electrolysis at a potential of 0.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), an acetonitrile solution of TCNQ turned green, characteristic of the TCNQ anion radical (TCNQ-). Only one peak of the anionic compound was observed in CE of the electrolysis solution and it should be that of TCNQ-. Then, the electrolysis potential was shifted to -0.8 V expected to be sufficient potential for the further reduction of TCNQ-, and the solution turned almost colourless. In CE analysis of the latter solution, another anionic component possessing a larger electrophoretic mobility than that of TCNQ- was detected, and it was decomposed immediately under aerobic conditions. This product was strongly suggested to be the divalent anion of TCNQ, and the present method would contribute notably to detection of the unstable species.

Anions↗
PubMed1999

The unvalidity of Kohlrausch' regulating function for Svensson's isoelectric focusing and stationary electrolysis at steady state.

Kohlrausch' regulating function is of important significance in the field of electrophoresis. In this paper, the relative regulating function is defined from Kohlrausch' regulating function. The relative values, including the limited values, of the regulating function for the stationary electrolysis of salt, on which the classic isoelectric focusing (IEF) is based, are computed and compared with the computer program of the QBASIC written by us. The results directly demonstrate that, (1) in a few cases the regulating function is valid for the stationary electrolysis and IEF, whereas (2) the function is, in most of cases, not valid for the stationary electrolysis and IEF at steady-state. Those findings may be useful for the studies on the relationships between Kohlrausch' regulating function and IEF and for the classification of numerous electrophoretic techniques.

Electrolysis↗