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PubMed1987

Women in the labor force: are sex mortality differentials changing?

The relationship between the increasing participation of women in the labor force, female mortality, and the male-female mortality differential is examined in this work. The mortality experience of women and men 16 to 64 years of age in the Wisconsin civilian labor force is examined for the period 1974 to 1978 through comparisons of central death rates and sex mortality ratios. In general, this study suggests that, at this time, female mortality is not negatively affected by female labor force participation. Furthermore, there is little evidence to suggest that the entrance of women into the labor force will narrow the sex mortality differential in the general population. However, among certain occupation groups, males and females of similar marital status experience mortality rates that are quite similar. Possible interpretations of these unusual findings are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Mortality differentials in Canada, 1951-1971: French, British, and Indians.

Mortality differentials reflect in part the social and economic conditions of groups in society. In this paper, the relationship between ethnic origin and mortality is investigated from the point of view of convergence and minority group status hypotheses. Multivariate methods are used to study differences among the French, the British and Native Indian (includes Metis and Eskimos) populations of Canada over three census periods from 1951 to 1971. A significant downward trend in the death rates of all three subpopulations is noted, but substantial differences persist, as the pace of mortality decline over time varies across the three ethnic groups. In the twenty-year interval between 1951 and 1971, Native Indians have experienced spectacular reductions in their overall death rates, but in comparative terms, their mortality levels still exceed those of the French (who show intermediate levels) and the British ethnic groups. The multivariate analysis provides strong support for the minority status effect, which is taken to suggest that the roots of inequalities in survival probabilities are partly a result of social and economic disparities. The convergence thesis received some support: over time the general pattern is one of declining mortality with some narrowing of the differences. An examination of four broad causes of death (neoplasms, cardiovascular, accidents-violence, and "other") suggests that Native Indians are characteristic of populations undergoing epidemiologic and demographic transitions. Their elevated risk of accidents-violence reflects social disruption in the process of modernization. Causes of death of the French and British populations are characterized by higher risks of cancer and cardiovascular diseases, typical of advanced societies.

Accidents↗
PubMed2001

[Infant mortality differentials from congenital malformations with paired data. Chile (1993-1995)].

BACKGROUND: The analysis of infant mortality from congenital malformations, which at present is the main group of causes of this mortality in Chile, suggests that it could be decreased with a good knowledge of its conditioning factors. AIM: To study infant mortality differentials from congenital malformations with linked records, in the 1993 to 1995 Chilean birth cohorts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of mortality differentials in 1993, 1994 and 1995 birth cohorts. Multivariate logistic regression of mortality from congenital diseases. RESULTS: Univariate analysis showed that mortality is highest in the Southern regions of the country (VII to XII) and in rural areas. It is also higher in children from older and from very young mothers, it increases along with the birth order of the child and decreases with increasing educational level of the mother. Multiple logistic regression analysis, confirmed the higher mortality in the Southern regions, aged mothers, high birth order of the child and low educational level of the mother. However no significant influence of rurality nor greater mortality in children of very young mothers was found. CONCLUSIONS: These results can be attributed to the fact that this type of analysis permits the control with other variables. Although the mortality data showed interesting relationships with the independent variables, a registry of all live births and stillbirths with congenital anomalies, that would provide greater numbers and data on non fatal anomalies, would be desirable to better study their causal factors.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Reported prevalences of former smokers in survey data: the importance of differential mortality and misclassification.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the reported increase in the percentage of never smokers in the group of men born between 1924 and 1938, as observed in survey data in the Netherlands, can be attributed to differential mortality or to misclassification. In a spreadsheet program, the mortality experiences of the men born in 1924 and 1938 were simulated with the use of lifetable techniques. Due to differential mortality, the percentage of true never smokers would be expected to increase from 9% to 9.3% for men born in 1938 and from 9% to 10.3% for men born in 1924. In the survey, the percentage of people who reported that they had never smoked increased from 9% to 36% for the men born between 1924 and 1938. Differential mortality can only explain a very small part of the reported increase in the percentage of "never" smokers. Misclassification of former smokers as never smokers is the most likely cause for the reported increase. This is reason for concern, because even a small percentage of misclassified former smokers may bias the estimated relative risk of mortality associated with current smoking to a considerable extent. Because former smoking status cannot be measured correctly, the percentage of former smokers may be calculated by modeling the percentage of ever smokers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Measuring socioeconomic mortality differentials over time.

Using 1973 Current Population Survey data matched to 1973-1978 Social Security mortality records, this study measures the relationship between the income and education of men and their subsequent mortality. The estimated relationships are compared with socioeconomic mortality differentials found by Kitagawa and Hauser in their study of 1960 census-death certificate matched data. The comparison suggests that there has been no improvement in the relative mortality experience of low socioeconomic status men. More generally, the article discusses how Social Security data could be used to monitor, on a continual basis, our progress toward eradicating significant mortality differentials in the United States.

Data Collection↗
PubMed2001

Widening Black/White mortality differentials among US children during the 1980s.

OBJECTIVES: With the exception of infants, mortality rate differentials among Black and White children have received very little attention. We address four empirical questions: 1) Did the Black/White childhood mortality disparity grow between 1980 and 1990? 2) What causes of death account for Black/White disparities in childhood mortality and temporal changes in the size of this disparity? 3) Do economic disparities between Black and White families account for Black/White childhood mortality differentials in 1980 or 1990? 4) Do growing economic disparities between Black and White families explain any growth in childhood mortality differentials? METHODS: Childhood mortality patterns and causes of excess deaths in Black children are examined in the nation overall and in three major metropolitan areas-Chicago, Detroit, and New York-using a dataset combining death certificate and Census data. Logistic regression analyses utilize Census socioeconomic information to identify the relationship between mortality risk and local area income in the metro areas. RESULTS: Black children's relative mortality disadvantage grew more severe during the 1980s, with startling growth in Black/White disparities seen in many age- and sex-specific metro populations. While White children generally experienced marked mortality declines, Black children's rates fell more slowly or actually increased, most dramatically among adolescent boys in Detroit and Chicago. Excess deaths among younger Black children were most often fire-related, while homicide was the predominant cause at older ages. Regression analyses confirmed that areal income was significantly and strongly related to child mortality at both time points in all study areas. However, the deterioration in areal income for Black children relative to Whites from 1980 to 1990 did not explain their worsening mortality rates over the time period. CONCLUSIONS: Black children are increasingly suffering excess deaths relative to White children. We find that Black children's mortality disadvantage is largely accounted for by areal economic disadvantage; however, expanding death rate disparities over time represented more than simply growth in income differentials. Our results suggest that other adverse exposures also have increasingly served to compromise Black children's life chances during the 1980s.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[An increase in differential mortality by sex in the state of Sao Paulo].

"Historical data series from the vital registration system of the State of Sao Paulo are used to identify the age-groups where the increase of male surplus mortality has been most intense. In these age-groups, the evolution of the principal causes of death which account for this increase of the sex differential of mortality are analyzed over the past 40 years." The results show that despite a general decline in mortality, there has been an increase in mortality differentials by sex, particularly between ages 15 and 39. This is primarily due to a decrease in female deaths related to pregnancy and an increase in accidents and homicides among males. (summary in ENG)

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Class mortality differentials, income distribution and trends in poverty 1921-1981.

The official figures which appear to show a widening of class differences in health in England and Wales during the post-war period have been controversial partly because they do not fit with common perceptions of what has happened to differences in the standard of living. As a result, a great deal of effort has gone into investigating suggested weaknesses in the decennial social class mortality data. Though initially plausible, the artifactual and selective explanations of the widening mortality differences which were put forward have not usually been borne out by closer investigations. The only fault in the broad picture presented by the official data which we do perhaps need to bear in mind is the tendency for a narrowing of mortality differentials among younger women to be masked by the widening among older women. This paper is an attempt to look at the other side of the coin--namely, to investigate trends in differences in the standard of living in relation to mortality differentials. It concludes that trends in mortality differences have not been related to trends in class differences in average earnings, but have been fairly clearly related to trends in relative poverty. Relative poverty and class differences in mortality declined before the war but have both increased, decade by decade, since the war. Younger women have perhaps been protected from the increase in relative poverty during much of the post-war period by their increased economic activity rates and the relative improvement in earnings of women in poorly paid manual occupations.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Social class mortality differentials: artefact, selection or life circumstances?

Data from 10 years follow up of mortality in the OPCS Longitudinal Study are used to relate deaths of men in 1976-81 to their social class as recorded by the 1971 census. Explanations of social class mortality differentials are critically reviewed in the light of these new data. The similarity between the class differentials observed for men aged 15-64 years in this study and those reported in the 1970-2 Decennial Supplement on Occupational Mortality indicate that the published gradients were not in fact grossly distorted by numerator denominator biases. Distortions to gradients observed in the early years of the longitudinal study and ascribed to selective health related mobility out of employment from the principal social classes to the permanently sick had largely worn off after five years of follow up. Sharp gradients at ages over 75 years, similar to those at younger ages, suggest that, for men aged over 50 years, selective health related mobility between social classes does not contribute to differentials in mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Childhood mortality differentials in Zimbabwe: evidence from two surveys.

"This paper examines the factors associated with infant mortality differentials in Zimbabwe, using data from two surveys, the 1984 ZRHS and 1988 ZDHS. An index of infant mortality based on the ratio of observed to expected deaths was used [in] the multivariate analysis as a measure of infant mortality for each woman. Infant mortality was highest among women who were illiterate, lived on commercial farms, first married before the age of 15, never used modern contraceptives or were given no prenatal care. Moreover, several significant differences among regions are highlighted." (SUMMARY IN ITA AND FRE)

Africa↗
PubMed1992

Trends in regional and socio-economic mortality differentials in Finland.

Trends in mortality in Finland are reviewed over the past 20 years. The author notes that "Finnish female life expectancy has increased more than five years since 1965-1969 and it is now slightly higher than the average in Western Europe. It is also almost five years higher than the average life expectancy in Eastern Europe. The male life expectancy has also risen by more than five years...." However, the author also states that regional differences in mortality have not diminished over this period, despite prevention programs designed to reduce such differences. Furthermore "socio-economic differences in mortality have increased during the same period among men, but had been relatively stable among the women."

Demography↗
PubMed1990

Mortality differentials in France during the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

"The very high quality of a set of marriage records for Paris during the 1860s made it possible to apply indirect methods to estimate adult mortality differentials by certain geographical and social criteria of the 19th century. The largest differences between groups were observed to be social, geographical origin apparently having little impact.... It is interesting that social differences in adult mortality are similar in magnitude to those observed today. Perhaps the principal factor of differentiation is then the level of child mortality.... It is by no means necessary to have a set of data as complete as ours. The indirect methods we have used proved largely adequate for estimating mortality differentials."

Demography↗
PubMed1990

Differential mortality of Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Pacific labour trade.

"Quantitative evidence is presented on the differential mortality suffered by Indian and Pacific Island labour migrants on Fiji's plantations between 1883 and 1919, and by Japanese, Chinese and Pacific Island labour migrants in the phosphate mines on Ocean Island and Nauru between 1913 and 1940. Pacific Island labour migrants suffered much higher death rates than Asian labour migrants, due, it is suggested, to their much greater vulnerability to newly introduced infectious diseases."

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed2002

Socio-economic mortality differentials in Sydney over a quarter of a century, 1970-94.

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in socio-economic differentials in all-cause mortality in Sydney over a 25-year period (1970-94). METHODS: Five measures of single indicators (two for occupation, two for education and one for income) and a composite measure of socio-economic disadvantage based on Census data (the Australian Bureau of Statistics' Index of Relative Socio-Economic Disadvantage) were used as indicators of socio-economic status by local govemment area. The relationship between mortality and socio-economic status was examined using quintiles based on these six measures of socio-economic status. RESULTS: Socio-economic differentials in mortality were evident for males and females for all periods, and over the 25-year period the relative socio-economic differentials did not decline. For males, the socio-economic status differential in mortality widened, irrespective of socio-economic status indicator used, whereas for females it widened only when certain socio-economic indicators were used: occupation (unemployment measure) and income, but was not significant for the other single indicators or for the composite indicator. CONCLUSIONS: Sydney trends of widening inequalities are generally similar to those reported for Britain and for other industrialised countries, suggesting that this is a common phenomenon and that policies to reduce health inequalities over the past quarter of a century have not been effective.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Fertility and mortality differentials among the population groups of the Himalayas.

Selection potential based on differential fertility and mortality has been computed for 24 Himalayan populations classified into four groups: Himalayan populations with Asian affinities (HPA), Brahmans, Rajputs, and Scheduled Castes (Shilpkars). Irrespective of the methodology followed, the total index of selection was found to be highest (0.794) in Barbatiyas (HPA) and lowest (0.428) in Rajputs. The relative contribution of fertility component (If) to the index of total selection (It) is higher than the corresponding mortality component (Im) in all 24 groups. An analysis of correlation and regression on different components of the indices of selection performed among these 24 Himalayan populations revealed that the contributions of If in determining It are stronger than Im. Further, both If and Im are strongly associated with It and account for 76% and 67% of total variability in It, respectively. Examination of the relationship of the selection potential with the differential altitude and social categories showed a decrease in the index from high altitude to low altitude. Similarly, an inverse relationship was found between various indices and social categories. Himalayan populations with Asian affinities (HPA) in the present study reveal higher values of selection potential. Interestingly, these populations invariably reside in high altitude areas where health and communication infrastructures are poorly developed. Thus, the differential pattern of fertility and mortality among the Himalayan populations indicates that they are passing through a stage of transition, as is evident from the decrease in various selection indices. It is also apparent that groups that are less developed socioeconomically, as well as those inhabiting high altitude regions, are lagging behind in this process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Mortality differentials in men and women in the southeastern region, Brazil--1960, 1970 and 1980].

Male and female mortality rates in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1960, 1970 and 1980 are studied with a view to analysing the different risks to which men and women are subject by age group. Mortality differentials by sex and cause were studied by means of male/female mortality ratios, relative and absolute differences among rates, and standardized rates. An analysis of differentials by selected groups of cause for 1980 was undertaken. Male mortality rates were higher than the female rates in all age groups in the three years studied, with an increase of the male/female mortality ratio for the 15-34 age group over this period. The excess of male death was mainly due to the increase of deaths from violent causes among young men, a dramatic circumstance that can hardly be changed by "technical" procedures. As regards deaths from other causes, biological determinants and the different risks for men and women should be considered in order better to understand this situation.

Adolescent↗