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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

The Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study--differential mortality in Israel 1983-1992: objectives, materials, methods and preliminary results.

The main objective of this study was to investigate mortality differentials in the Israeli population, aged 40 years and above, with regard to major demographic and socio-economic characteristics, in the nine-and-a-half years following the census of 1983. The method of data collection consisted of a linkage of records from the 20% sample of the census with the records of deaths occurring until the end of 1992. The linked file contains the socio-economic and demographic data from the census, and dates and causes of death taken from the death records. This paper focuses on a systematic evaluation of the quality of the linked file, and includes a description of the characteristics of the file. Methods of verification are presented and sources of possible errors are discussed. Results of bivariate analyses of mortality differentials in relation to marital status, ethnic origin, level of education, employment, occupation and income are presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Thyroxin-induced differential mortality of mouse embryos with cleft lip.

Administration of thyroxin in midgestation has been reported to prevent spontaneous cleft lip in term fetuses of genetically predisposed mice. Attempts to repeat this finding have given ambiguous results. The experiment was therefore repeated using CL/Fr and A/HeJ mice, and various thyroxin dosages. The embryos were examined on days 13 and 14, earlier in gestation than in previous studies. The usual complement of cleft-lip embryos, 21% in CL/Fr and 10% in A/HeJ, was present, but they were often dead. At all dosages of thyroxin that caused embryonic mortality, differential mortality of cleft-lip embryos at term after thyroxin treatment is thus due to their increased mortality, not to prevention of the lip defect.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Recent methodological advances in measuring mortality differentials].

"Some recent techniques are discussed which facilitate the analysis of differential mortality according to several simultaneous criteria, in situations where small samples impede cross-tabulation by all relevant dimensions. All of these techniques involve the use of regression models." The primary object is to provide an introduction to this topic for the nonspecialist. An extensive bibliography is provided. "The logic behind Cox's proportional hazards method, the most common in present applications, is explained, and its advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. More appropriate alternatives for the analysis of mortality in human population are indicated. Finally, some comments are made on the problem of unexplained heterogeneity and on extensions to indirect estimation, which were inspired by Cox's method." (summary in ENG)

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1994

Does it matter where I live in Western Europe? An analysis of regional mortality differentials in Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands.

"Regional differentials in life expectancy at birth during the 1980s in Belgium, The Netherlands and some parts of the former Federal Republic of Germany are presented and commented upon. Life expectancy at birth during the 1980s was highest in the Netherlands, and lowest in some parts of southern Belgium. Substantial differentials existed in 1980, particularly because of differential mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system, lung cancer, breast cancer, motor vehicle accidents and suicide. These differentials persisted throughout the 1980s, but gradually converged. Gains in life expectancy were mainly due to declining cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality. Sharp and persistent differentials between border regions in the study area point to societal and cultural forces bringing about dividing lines between relatively homogeneous mortality profiles." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Belgium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[2 methods for the study of differential mortality based on sex: rates ratio and orthogonal regression].

Sex mortality differential is studied for all the causes of death, in La Coruña (Galicia, Spain), according to geographic area, zone (urban, semiurban and countryside) and decade (1961-1970 y 1971-1980). Two study methods are compared: a) Rate ratio (with direct age-adjusted rates); and b): Differential (Dj) between observed rate (M) and expected rate (M), for male mortality, according to female level (orthogonal regression model). t-Student-Fisher tests have been used to compare an observed mean and a theoretic one, and to compare two observed means, with independent data. An increase in male overmortality is found, from one to the other decade (112.9% to 117.0%), confirmed by orthogonal method: respectively 5.38 deaths every 100,000 and 16.81 deaths. This over-mortality is more frequent in the urban areas, while inframortality appears mainly in countryside areas. Furthermore, male overmortality increases in urban zones and decreases in semiurban and rural zones.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Sex mortality differentials and selective survival in large medfly cohorts: implications for human sex mortality differentials.

Experimental studies on male-female mortality differences in nonhuman species are important because they provide insights into both the nature of age-specific gender differences and the concept of selective survival--whether one subgroup in a population (e.g., males) is consistently more frail than another subgroup (e.g., females). We found that it was not possible to classify either sex as more robust or longer lived since relative longevity was conditional on age (young or old), cage conditions (solitary confinement or grouped cages), and treatment (starvation, irradiation, or density). Implications of these findings are discussed including selective survival, demographic selection, a framework for male-female mortality differentials, and an evolutionary perspective on gender differences in longevity.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Racism, society, and disease: an exploration of the social and biological mechanisms of differential mortality.

Racial differentials in mortality provide important insight into the nature of mass disease in capitalist society. Not only are the differentials sizable in magnitude, they are consistent for multiple causes of death and appear to evolve in response to social development. The relationships among social factors and the biological and physical agents of disease can be identified through racial contrasts and a pattern of causation which applies to both the minority and majority populations described. Furthermore, the impact of exploitation as the primary disease-mediating factor under capitalist social relations can be estimated. This paper attempts to combine an analysis of bio-medical mechanisms with Marxist social theory in a comprehensive framework for the study of the social origins of racial differentials.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2000

Mortality differentials among women: the Israel Longitudinal Mortality Study.

The first aim of this study was to examine differentials in mortality among Israeli adult women with respect to ethnic origin, marital status, number of children and several measures of socio-economic status; the second was to compare mortality differentials among women with those found for Israeli men. Data are based on a linkage of records from a 20% sample of the 1983 census with the records of deaths occurring until the end of 1992. The study population includes 79,623 women and the number of deaths was 14,332. Measures of SES included education, number of rooms, household amenities and possession of a car. Results indicated higher mortality among women originating from North Africa compared with Asian and European women. Adjustment to SES eliminated the excess mortality among North African women and revealed a lower mortality of Asian women, relative to Europeans. Among women aged 45-69, substantial and consistent mortality differentials were evident for all SES indicators examined where mortality declined with improved socio-economic position. Mortality was related to women's childbearing history, with the highest mortality among childless women. Mortality differentials among women aged 70+ were generally narrower than those found for younger women. Gender differences in mortality differentials varied by the socio-demographic indicator and age.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Patterns of mortality differentials by marital status in low mortality countries.

"This study examined mortality differentials by marital status in 11 low-mortality countries [for the period 1950-1980]. The results show that, in general, unmarried populations have a higher mortality rate than that of married populations. A more detailed analysis indicates that each country has its distinctive marital mortality features which are associated with cultural regions (East and West) but are not related to developmental factors. When marital mortality patterns of the East and West are compared, it demonstrates that mortality rates of never-married Asian women are strikingly higher than that of their Western counterparts. This phenomenon has persisted during the last two decades. Two possible cultural interpretations are suggested: differential family support theses versus differential marital selection." (SUMMARY IN CHI)

Culture↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Differential mortality according to region of residence in Benin].

"The first mortality tables of Benin elaborated by direct estimation for the whole country deal with relatively different regional realities. It is in this regard that the data, whether it is death from multiround surveys or information about survival of parents, allows one to distinguish between the North (with a higher mortality) and the South (which has a lower mortality). Moreover, this differential study reveals that the level of male adult mortality after 35 years in the South, is well above the national average, probably because of the increase in deaths through violence (road accident or victim of a fire) in this part of Benin....The originality of this study is to have highlighted the mortality differentials at almost all age groups of life...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND ITA)

Africa↗
PubMed1999

Mortality differentials among Israeli men.

OBJECTIVES: This study examined differentials in mortality among adult Israeli men with respect to ethnic origin, marital status, and several measures of social status. METHODS: Data were based on a linkage of records from a 20% sample of the 1983 census to records of deaths occurring before the end of 1992. The study population included 72,527 men, and the number of deaths was 17,378. RESULTS: Differentials is mortality by origin show that mortality was higher among individuals of North African origin than among those of Asian and European origin. After allowance for several socioeconomic indicators, the excess mortality among North African Jews was eliminated. Substantial and consistent differences in mortality were found according to education, occupation, income, possession of a car, housing, and household amenities. Differentials among the elderly were markedly narrower than those among men younger than 70 years. CONCLUSIONS: Some sectors of Israeli society have higher risks of death than others, including, among the male population, these who are poor, less educated, unmarried, unskilled, out of the labor force, and of North African origin.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Does social mobility affect the size of the socioeconomic mortality differential?: evidence from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study.

"The effect of social mobility on the socioeconomic differential in mortality is examined with data from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study. The analyses involve 46,980 men aged 45-64 years in 1981. The mortality risk of the socially mobile is compared with the mortality risk of the socially stable after adjustment for their class of origin (their social class in 1971) and class of destination (their social class in 1981) separately. Among those in employment there is some evidence that movement out of their class of origin is in the direction predicted by the idea of health-related social mobility. This evidence, however, seems strongest for causes of death which are least likely to have been preceded by prolonged incapacity. Movement into the class of destination, however, shows the opposite relationship with mortality."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Effect of differential mortality on risk behavior change in cohort studies.

Recent theoretical work suggests that reductions in aggregate measures of risk behaviors are to be expected during a human immunodeficiency virus epidemic, because mortality is likely to be differential with respect to the level of the risk behavior. We present and apply a methodology for quantifying the effects of differential mortality on risk behavior changes in closed cohort studies. We demonstrate that differential mortality has caused 21% of the observed reduction in the mean, 29% of the observed reduction in the effective average, and 33% of the observed reduction in the variance of a risk behavior in a cohort of gay men.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1982

Selection and mortality differentials.

The Office of Population Censuses and Surveys Longitudinal Study provides reliable mortality data by a much wider range of characteristics than are available for other national sources. Although it is based on only a 1% sample of the population, it broadens the scope of mortality analysis and permits study of changes in relationships using different aspects of the time dimension. Data from this study have made us increasingly aware of the importance of selection to the interpretation and understanding of observed mortality differentials. Here we focus on that aspect of selection called "health-related mobility," which is associated with the relative health of people acquiring or losing individual characteristics. It is suggested that, for characteristics affected by health-related mobility, mortality differentials would narrow or widen with increased duration of follow-up. One of the basis of this argument the contribution of health-related mobility to mortality differentials by economic position and social class, to regional differentials, and to family and household differentials is investigated. Selection can thus be shown to operate when people change economic position, when they migrate, or when they change marital status. While the effects of these selection processes can be shown to contribute to social class gradients they do not explain regional differentials and contribute only to a limited degree to differentials by marital status. Differentials by household circumstances also reflect the product of selection processes.

Employment↗
PubMed1983

Social mobility and the interpretation of social class mortality differentials.

The discussion of health inequalities in Britain (e.g. in the Black Report) has been conducted largely on the basis of social class mortality differentials measured by achieved social class and not by social class of origin. It is shown in this paper that social class mortality differentials by achieved social class are not invariant to the rate of social mobility and that the use of them is likely to result in a biased measure of trends in health inequalities when the absolute rate of social mobility varies over time. It is further shown that if, as is likely, health status is a factor systematically affecting the probability for an individual of upward or downward social mobility, then an increase in the rate of social mobility may well result in constant or widening social class mortality differentials by achieved social class even if the differentials are narrowing when measured by social class of origin. It is claimed that this process may well explain why the observed social class mortality differentials, which are measured by achieved social class, have not fallen in Britain during the post-1945 period.

Health Status Indicators↗
PubMed1980

Recent trends in sex mortality differentials in the United States.

In the 1970s, the United States population experienced a notable drop in mortality rates, after several decades of relative stability. Has this increased longevity been enjoyed equally by males and females, so that sex mortality differentials are essentially the same as before? Or has one sex benefited more than the other? This paper focuses on the mortality experience of males and females between 1970 and 1977, by age and by leading causes of death. The 1970-1977 data are compared with two earlier periods (1920-1950 and 1950-1970) to show how recent trends contrast with previous ones. Overall, the recent data suggest a new situation for sex mortality differentials. In prior decades, females' longevity advantage over males increased. This continuing increase appeared for virtually all ages and leading causes. But in the 1970s, the increase slowed. Females' situation relative to males actually worsened for several age groups (under 1, 55-64) and for several leading causes (conditions of early infancy, bronchitis/empysema/asthma, homicide, peptic ulcer). Moreover, the pace of females' gains for heart diseases and cancer has slowed, and relative gains have stopped for cerebrovascular diseases and accidents. Reasons for recent changes in sex mortality differentials and possible future trends are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Race or class or race and class: growing mortality differentials in the United States.

Recent statistics on increasing differences in mortality rates between blacks and whites in the United States are causing a great deal of concern. The reduction of this gap is an important national goal. Yet mortality differentials cannot be explained solely by race. We must also look at class, as do all Western nations other than the United States, when compiling health statistics. In the United States, how people live, get sick, and die depends not only on their race, sex, and age, but also on their class, whether measured by level of education, income, or occupation. Class differentials in mortality and morbidity are greater than race differentials. By focusing our attention on race differentials alone, we will not be able to understand why the health indicators of minorities in the United States are deteriorating.

Black or African American↗