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PubMed1979

The necessity for a collection development policy statement.

The heart of the library lies in its collections, and collections have to be built continuously. Budgetary constraints perforce stress the need for better defined collection development policy, although the ultimate goal should be an improvement of library service rather than any reduction of library cost. A written collection development policy facilitates a consistent and balanced growth of library resources, and a dynamic policy is one that evolves as the institution grows. Such a policy is based on the understanding of the needs of the community it serves and seeks to define and delimit the goals and objectives of the institution. A collection development statement is not a substitute for book selection; it charts the forest but does not plant the trees. It should be used as a guidepost, not a crutch. Book selection requires judgment and the courage to choose. A sound collection development policy, on the other hand, provides the necessary rational without which a collection may grow amoebalike, by means of pseudopodia.

Book Selection↗

PubMed1984

Collection development policies and practices in medical school rare book libraries.

A survey of collection development policies and practices in medical school rare book libraries indicated that only 20% had documented criteria for collection development. The advantages of preparing and maintaining a formal written collection development policy are presented with guidelines for formulating such a policy.

Book Collecting↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Developing a conscious sedation program: from policy development through quality improvement.

Conscious sedation (CS) has rapidly become a popular method of anesthesia, administered to decrease the pain and anxiety associated with operative or invasive procedures while avoiding the potential complications of general anesthesia. Intravenous conscious sedation (IVCS) is most frequently administered, but the patient can also receive CS by oral, intramuscular, or rectal routes. Although the level of sedation using CS is not as deep as general anesthesia, the patient is potentially at risk for respiratory depression. CS provides many benefits. It also places an increased burden on healthcare providers to ensure safe and competent care when this form of anesthesia is used.

Certification↗

PubMed2002

Primary health care: a framework for policy development.

Primary health care has utility for policy development at all levels of organization in any nation, including policies influencing the health of persons living with severe and persistent mental illnesses. Using the primary health care framework, policies to improve health and housing for this population evolve from intersectoral collaboration. Active participation by those persons whose essential health is compromised by housing that is not acceptable, adequate, suitable, and affordable is required. Appropriate and affordable methods that address health challenges are identified. Access to services meeting essential health care needs of citizens has potential for healthy outcomes.

Canada↗

PubMed1996

Metropolitan health policy development: barriers to implementation.

The complex health issues facing urban areas require effective public policy responses. Consistent with the call by the Institute of Medicine for local health policy development, a variety of groups within metropolitan areas have engaged in these efforts. This paper provides an exploratory analysis of a cross section of 25 health policy initiatives undertaken in Chicago from 1987 through 1994. Characteristics of these initiatives, their recommendations, and factors which served as barriers to implementation are identified. The barriers include: deficiencies in policy design, inadequate political support, organizational barriers, and resource constraints. Our findings are compared to other policy implementation research. Suggestions for improving the effectiveness of local policy development include: involving key individuals from the public and private sectors, maintaining a strategic perspective on achieving priority recommendations, including financial analysis and planning, developing an initial implementation plan, and securing political support.

Chicago↗

PubMed1989

Policy process framework: a systems approach to policy development.

This paper discusses a framework for understanding policy analysis and development. The framework presented can be used in the policy development process or post facto in policy analysis. The usefulness of the framework is that it provides a means to think about a policy and its development. It is not prescriptive, nor is it predictive about any particular policy. Policy analysis has tended to rely too heavily on technical analysis, with insufficient attention to other dimensions. This framework offers a basis for people to talk across organizations and cultures.

Decision Making↗

PubMed1985

Policy development in The Netherlands concerning enhanced exposure to natural radiation.

Exposure to enhanced natural radiation is treated in terms of the so called "environmental policy life cycle model". The integral policy development is described taking into account environmental, economic and social factors. In the present phase, the policy development is focussed on enhanced levels of radioactivity in building materials. In the following phases, attention will be given to the infiltration of radon from the underground, and to possible enhanced natural radiation due to industrial chemical processes. In each phase the decision process concerning regulations is preceded by a corresponding research programme which forms the necessary scientific basis for the specific regulatory choices. A status report closes the contribution.

Construction Materials↗

PubMed2000

Mental health policy developments in Latin America.

New assessment guidelines for measuring the overall impact of mental health problems in Latin America have served as a catalyst for countries to review their mental health policies. Latin American countries have taken various steps to address long-standing problems such as structural difficulties, scarce financial and human resources, and social, political, and cultural obstacles in the implementation of mental health policies and legislation. These policy developments, however, have had uneven results. Policies must reflect the desire, determination, and commitment of policy-makers to take mental health seriously and look after people's mental health needs. This paper describes the development of mental health policies in Latin American countries, focusing on published data in peer-reviewed journals, and legislative change and its implementation. It presents a brief history of mental health policy developments, and analyzes the basis and practicalities of current practice.

Health Policy↗

PubMed1996

Consumers and health policy development: confessions of a guarded optimist.

Using the example of a large coalition of senior citizens in Ontario, Canada, the potential of consumer input to contribute to policy development and some key barriers to fulfilling that potential are explored. The political appeal of consumer involvement in policy development is highlighted, as is the potential for opposition from providers. The critical issue of finding sustainable funding to support consumer activities is also identified, along with the worrying trend of diminishing government support for such involvement in Canada.

Aged↗

PubMed2002

Nurses and English primary care groups: their experiences and perceived influence on policy development.

AIMS OF THE STUDY: To investigate the experiences and perceived influence of nurses serving on English primary care group boards. BACKGROUND: The development of the nursing workforce and nursing services in primary care have been piecemeal and nurses have not always contributed to policy development. The recent establishment of primary care groups (PCGs) in the United Kingdom (UK) potentially offers nurses the opportunity to take a concerted and strategic role in developing professional roles and planning service developments. RESEARCH METHODS: As part of a longitudinal study of a 15% random sample of English primary care groups, nurse board members were surveyed in the winter of 1999. One hundred and forty-four nurses were invited to return self-completion questionnaires. RESULTS: Completed questionnaires were returned by 106 of those invited to participate (73%). Respondents reported that combining their usual work with their role in the PCG was frequently difficult. Only 26% perceived that they had been well prepared for their new role. Compared with other board members [for example, general practitioners (GPs)], nurses perceived that their own influence was limited, with only a quarter rating the influence of nurses on decision-making as great. Most of the sample were feeding back information to other primary care and community nurses working in the locality and 52% rated communication with this wider constituency as good or better. Nurse board members were enthusiastic about their role and optimistic about the positive future impact of PCGs on health. CONCLUSIONS: PCGs are still at a relatively early stage in their development. It is still too early to assess their impact on nurses working in primary care and community settings. Board membership offers nurses a voice in local health policy development.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMedDate not supplied

National policy development for the clinical application of genetic diagnostic technologies. Lessons from cystic fibrosis.

In recognition of the earlier experiences with genetic diagnostic services and in anticipation of a greater potential for genetic testing for presymptomatic disease and disease susceptibility, this article provides an analysis of policy development for cystic fibrosis carrier screening. The deficiencies of relying on an extemporaneous model for health policy development are described. Preferably, an evidentiary model, based on the evaluation of clinical research and incorporating professional and public attention to underlying normative issues, should define the standard of care. Appropriate procedural mechanisms should be established at both state and federal levels to prevent the unnecessary confusion, expense, and personal or social harms likely to result from a completely unrestrained application of developing genetic technologies or continuing ad hoc responses to rapid increases in genetic diagnostic capabilities. A broadly constituted national advisory commission on the ethical, legal, and social implications of the Human Genome Project would provide an important locus for national decision making and may offer an efficient mechanism for implementing the evidentiary model, promoting public involvement at a time when social policy decisions must be made to restructure the health care system to be more sensitive to issues of access, allocation, and costs.

Advisory Committees↗

PubMed1993

Policy development lessons from two federal initiatives: protecting human research subjects and handling misconduct in science.

The authors compare and contrast two policy development exercises--one that resulted in the publication of a common federal policy for the protection of human research subjects, and the other that is under way to develop a government-wide common policy for addressing misconduct in science. The article offers some basic lessons derived from these interagency activities and may shed some light on the issues that institutions face in developing their own policies and procedures for handling allegations of misconduct in science. These lessons include, among others: lead from a position of authority; use smaller working groups to draft text or work out differences; never underestimate the time needed to elucidate where all the participants are coming from; garner support of key players; timing is everything; and when presented with lemons, make lemonade. Although the process is not yet finished, interagency work is developing concerning misconduct in science. The different participants agree in theory that coordination is desirable, but they can be understandably concerned that they might have to relinquish some of their autonomy in setting policies for activities supported by their agencies. Although it may seem that the federal government moves slowly, often there is much going on behind the scenes, and often that work can be as important as, if not more important than, the task at hand.

Federal Government↗

PubMed1997

Multifaceted approach to medication use policy development: the restriction of meperidine.

As institutions continue to expand their drug policy development efforts in order to improve care and reduce cost, the use of multifaceted approaches offer several benefits. Population data on drug use support the need for policy action. The use of institutional outcomes data in conjunction with published evidence augments the process, and the consensus approach to guideline development engenders medical staff support. Such efforts, however, require significant dedication of human resources. Institutions with limited personnel to allocate to drug policy activities may consider increasing the depth of their efforts (using a multifaceted approach) while limiting the breadth of their efforts (only attempting one or two major targets per year, and doing them well).

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗

PubMed1998

Simplify and energize policy development.

Nurse managers revamp nursing policy and procedure development to increase efficiency, engage their staff, and ensure current easy-to-use policies. The system has worked successfully in a community hospital and a regional health care network.

Humans↗

PubMed1991

You can get there from here: guide to problem definition in policy development.

1. Nurses can enhance their abilities to formulate and implement health policy through the use of the assessment part of the nursing process. 2. Problem definition, the first step in policy development, includes identifying the issues, discussing and framing the issues, analyzing data and resources, and deciding on a problem definition. 3. Problem definition develops as an interaction between an instrumental, or cognitive, component and an expressive component, which represents the contextual setting of the problem. 4. Problem definitions change over a course of events. Current solutions may lead to new concerns and issues that then require new problem definitions.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

PubMed1979

Some practical observations on the writing, implementation, and revision of collection development policy.

This paper was conceived in the context of the "RTSD Guidelines for the Formulation of Collection Development Policies." It describes fundamental qualities of policy applicable to all kinds of libraries and recommends a step-by-step process leading to the successful realization of policy planning. Placing an emphasis on the values of the process itself, the paper also suggests implications for collection development personnel and for the library as an organization, when a working policy is adopted.

Book Selection↗

PubMed1990

Effects of agricultural development policies on migration in peninsular Malaysia.

State planning plays a central role in Malaysia's social and economic development. The government's rural development policies are designed to promote agricultural incomes and help counterbalance ethnic inequalities. The Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA) implements one of the internationally most successful land development and resettlement programs. In this article, we quantify the impact of FELDA settlements on local out-migration rates, linking macro and micro approaches and using data from the Malaysian Family Life Survey, national censuses, and other sources. A model of instantaneous migration rates specifies an individual's migration rate as a function of individual-level sociodemographic characteristics, the level of urbanization of the origin and destination, and the extent of rural development at the district of current residence. Our results show that in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the existence of rural development centers in a district reduced the levels of out-migration to pre-1965 levels.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2000

Grounding policy development within an educational setting: an exploration.

OBJECTIVE: To explore an approach for informing the development of regional policy by eliciting the considered views of GP participants at an educational event. In particular we discuss the reaction of GP participants to this approach. (In this instance our GP participants were trainers and the evolving policy under discussion was that of 'clinical governance'.) METHOD: An educational event was planned to facilitate discussion and the recording of the considered views of GP trainer participants. The acceptability of this approach to the participants was evaluated via observation and through feedback forms. RESULTS: While observation suggested that the participants were involved in many lively and constructive discussions, the feedback generated showed that many participants felt uncomfortable about the use of an educational event to inform development. DISCUSSION: We recognize the need to inform and facilitate change through the involvement of those who will be participants in the change process. The rapid timescales imposed by change and the 'burden' of additional research involvement on practitioners are issues. Approaches based on action research and participatory research principles may have potential and can throw light on the difficulties we experienced. CONCLUSION: We need to identify approaches which will allow us to ground development within the views of those to be affected by change. Our own attempt demonstrated difficulties. We would welcome further debate over methods and approaches applicable in this border territory between research, development and education.

Clinical Competence↗