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PubMed1989

Nutritional impacts of an increasing fuelwood shortage in rural households in developing countries.

Developing countries face the problem of an increasing fuelwood shortage. For rural households, fuelwood is the main source of energy. As energy is essential to make food suitable for human consumption by means of cooking, the present fuelwood crisis could jeopardize the nutritional situation of rural households. This article reviews and analyses available data and information on the relationship between the availability of fuelwood and the nutritional situation of rural households. Based on analysis of emperical studies, three main strategies evolved by rural households, especially by the women within these households, to cope with a shortage of fuelwood can be distinguished: (i) increase in time and energy spent on fuelwood collection, (ii) substitution of fuelwood by alternative fuels and (iii) economizing on the consumption of fuelwood and alternative fuels. These coping-strategies affect food supply, food preservation, preparation and distribution, income generating activities and food consumption, all of which result in a decrease in quality and quantity of food consumed and in a deterioration of physical condition, especially women and their young children. Available data on fuelwood availability and nutrition are rather diffuse and incomplete. The presence of several confounding variables in the studies analysed make it difficult to establish the nutritional impact of a growing shortage of fuelwood. Nevertheless, it is concluded that a shortage of fuelwood plays at least an important role in changes in nutritional situation of rural households. If current trends continue, this role will become more important and evident. The impact of a growing fuelwood shortage should be a point of concern for rural development.

Cooking↗
PubMed1997

[The drug trade between European countries and developing countries].

The quality of medicinal products marketed in developing countries has recently become the focus of lively debate and new interest. This report describes a survey conducted among officials from exporting and importing countries designed to evaluate the content and enforcement of current regulations. Resulting data indicated that, despite the high volume of trading in medicinal products between European and developing countries, regulations are poorly applied and many infractions occur. The most obvious abnormalities involve definition of market status. A list of banned is issued by the WHO but not by the European Economic Community. Regulations regarding generic products differ from one country to another and, since determination of the exact origin of a product may be difficult, compliance with good manufacturing practices is often unverifiable. A more cooperative attitude on the part of exporting countries and standardization of formalities on the part of importing countries will be necessary to stem the growing tendency to consider medicinal products as ordinary goods.

Commerce↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Health care financing and delivery in developing countries.

Developing countries account for 84 percent of world population and 93 percent of the worldwide burden of disease; however, they account for only 18 percent of global income and 11 percent of global health spending. Limited resources and administrative capacity coupled with strong underlying needs for services pose serious challenges to governments in the developing world. This paper analyzes health spending, health outcomes, and health delivery system characteristics for the six developing regions of the world as well as for low-, medium-, and high-income country groupings.

Cost of Illness↗
PubMed1989

Life expectancy in less developed countries: socioeconomic development or public health?

Various studies have enquired into the influence of socioeconomic development or public health measures on life expectancies in less developed countries. Analysis of the effect of these two groups of factors upon life expectancy, using data for 95 less developed countries, indicates that mortality is primarily influenced by such socioeconomic development measures as urbanization, industrialization, and education, and secondarily by such public health measures as access to safe water, physicians, and adequate nutrition.

Africa↗
PubMed2002

Drug-induced urticaria and angioedema: pathomechanisms and frequencies in a developing country and in developed countries.

A careful drug history should be obtained from all patients with acute or chronic urticaria/angioedema, especially in the elderly. Although strictly comparable data are lacking, drug-induced urticaria appears to be more common in developed countries than in Malaysia, at least in a Hospital setting. Culprit drugs include antibiotics, analgesics and contrast media. Pseudoallergic drug-induced urticaria mimicks true allergic urticaria, but without an evident immunological basis, and is at least as common as the allergic type. In Malaysia, and in many other countries compulsory, ingredient labelling of 'traditional' medicines would do much to reduce the frequency of drug-induced urticaria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Community-based noncommunicable disease interventions: lessons from developed countries for developing ones.

Community-based programmes for prevention and control of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) started in Europe and the USA in the early 1970s. High mortality from CVD in Finland led to the start of the North Karelia Project. Since then, a vast amount of scientific literature has accumulated to present results and discuss experience. The results indicate that heart health programmes have a high degree of generalizability, are cost-effective and can influence health policy. In the 1980s the focus of programmes expanded from CVD to noncommunicable diseases (NCD), mainly because of the common risk factors. Attention has now turned to promoting this approach in developing countries, where the prevalence of NCD is growing. Theory and experience show that community-based NCD programmes should be planned, run and evaluated according to clear principles and rules, collaborate with all sectors of the community, and maintain close contact with the national authorities. In view of the burden of disease they represent and of globalization, there is a great need for international collaboration. Practical networks with common guidelines but adaptable to local cultures in a flexible way have proved to be very useful.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2000

Preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in developing countries: recent developments and ethical implications.

Various regimens of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy during pregnancy and labour have been found to be effective in reducing the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Cost and late identification of women with HIV infection during pregnancy in many developing countries have been the impetus to study inexpensive, short-course ARV regimens. Recently, it was shown that a single dose of nevirapine given orally once during labour to the mother and once to the infant greatly reduces the risk of HIV transmission. As a result, it has been proposed that in high HIV prevalence areas, this drug regimen be offered routinely to all pregnant women and their infants, without the need for an HIV test. This is seen as a cost-effective alternative to trying to make voluntary HIV testing and counselling universally available to pregnant women, which would require improved antenatal uptake and care, high uptake of HIV testing and high rates of return to learn results before women could make decisions regarding ARV prophylaxis. The ethical dilemmas arising from both these options are currently under debate, against a backdrop of concerns about breastfeeding and breastmilk substitutes, what to do about the increasing numbers of AIDS orphans and how to prevent HIV transmission to women in the first place.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed1976

VD education in developing countries. A comparison with developed countries.

No new method of control of the sexually transmitted diseases is imminent. Reliance has to be placed on existing methods including health education. Health education has a double role, being a primary method in its own right, and--of equal or greater importance--being involved in the enforcement of all of the other tried methods. A comparison is made of the situation in countries with a developed or an underdeveloped venereal disease control service, in respect of organization, statistical reporting, the various agencies treating venereal disease, clinic and diagnostic facilities, personnel concerned in venereal disease management, and other aspects. The vicious circle inherent in developing countries is outlined. A lack of awareness of the extent of the problem and the presence of other serious competing diseases lead to a low budget, thence to poor diagnostic and treatment facilities, and to few cases being seen in the official clinics and hospitals. Thus relatively small numbers of cases are reported and there is consequently a continuing lack of awareness of the problem. A method of cutting through such a circle is suggested, and the importance of health education activities during this period is emphasized.

Developing Countries↗
PubMed1993

[Comparative analysis of mortality due to violence in developed countries and in a few developing countries during the 1985-1989 period].

A comparative analysis of crude death rates and specifically of deaths from violence was conducted for a large number of developed and developing countries which provide data to the World Health Organization's data bank. For these countries, the analysis shows, first of all, that violent deaths rank third among the major causes of death, after diseases of the circulatory system and malignant tumours, in most developed countries and in some developing countries with reliable data. The comparative analysis also reveals substantial variations in the level and structure of death rates, both among the developed and the developing countries. Thus the crude death rate varies by a factor of 2 in both sexes, both in the developed and the developing countries. For violent deaths, the ranges are even wide: the highest death rate is 3 to 4 times greater than the lowest, except for women in developing countries where it is only twice as high. The method reveals in which countries the situation regarding violent deaths is relatively tolerable and in which countries the situation is decidedly bad. Although it is difficult to draw up a clear classification whereby countries can be grouped according to their profile of deaths by cause, it can be seen that a number of countries have a fairly characteristic profile of mortality by cause; these are mainly the developed countries (Western Europe and other regions) and some developing countries (Hong Kong and Israel) with low crude death rates. In these countries certain causes of violent death predominate as a result of the level of development achieved; motor vehicle accidents, falls and suicides. Moreover, in the other developed countries (in Eastern Europe) and in the developing countries (except Hong Kong and Israel) there is a more "traditional" profile of mortality by cause; this profile is characteristic of the less-developed countries where there are generally fewer deaths from suicide and from motor-vehicle accidents and where unintentional factors predominate over intentional factors. This analysis also brings out the very distinctive situation of the countries of Latin America with regard to violent deaths, particularly the large number of deaths from homicide in a number of countries. This is unquestionably a high-risk region for which further studies need to be undertaken, and where preventive measures need to be applied in order to curb the rising tide of violence and its harmful consequences for these societies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Accidents↗
PubMed2006

Country development and the association between parity and overweight.

INTRODUCTION: Parity is associated with overweight and obesity in developed countries and has been related to maternal depletion in poor developing countries. However, the literature from developing countries is limited and may not represent current stages of development. METHODS: We analyzed data from 50 Demographic and Reproductive Health Surveys conducted between 1992 and 2003. We examined the association between parity (proxied by number of live births) and overweight (body mass index (BMI)> or =25 kg/m(2)) in relation to level of country wealth and development. RESULTS: The odds ratio (OR) for overweight comparing women with at least four live births to women with one live birth was >1.0 in 38 of the 50 countries studied. The median OR was >1.0 in all regions studied and highest in North Africa/West Asia, where all countries had OR >1.0. Country wealth and development were both positively associated with the ORs. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of parity as a predictor of overweight increases with national economic development and wealth. Policy implications might include the development and implementation of programs to prevent excessive gestational weight gain and promote postpartum weight loss via dietary change and physical activity, concomitant with exclusive breastfeeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Destigmatizing day-to-day practices: what developed countries can learn from developing countries.

The nature of and threshold for stigma associated with mental disorders appears to be different between developed and developing countries. Decreasing stigma can be achieved through a combination of the best Western educational and media strategies and the systematization of some important lessons from developing countries. At the macro-level, this involves: societal changes leading to being more inclusive and re-integrating people with mental illness into our communities; finding socially useful and culturally valued work roles for such marginalized people; re-extending our kinship networks, and re-valuing contact with people with mental illness and learning from their experiences. At the micro-level, this involves developing more destigmatizing day-to-day clinical practices, including: more holistic appraisal of disorder, abilities and needs; therapeutic optimism; a strengths orientation; engaging family and redeveloping an extended support network; celebration of age appropriate rites of passage; invoking the language of recovery; valuing veterans of mental illness as "spirit guides"; promoting consumers' community living as full citizens; engaging and involving the local community in taking responsibility for their own mental health.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Burden of Helicobacter pylori and H. pylori-related diseases in developed countries: recent developments and future implications.

Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa. H. pylori infection is the main cause of peptic ulcer and gastric malignancy. This review gives an overview on the epidemiology of H. pylori infection and H. pylori-associated diseases in the developed world, mainly Europe, and it discusses very recent developments with regard to the prevalence and its future implications for H. pylori-associated diseases.

Adolescent↗