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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Urban stress and health in developing countries: development and validation of a neighborhood stress index for India.

Stress caused by chronic difficulties encountered by people residing in poor urban neighborhoods is associated with health problems and disease in developed countries, but the relationship between neighborhood stress and health in developing nations, such as India, has not been assessed. In this study, the authors administered the City Stress Inventory, a self-report measure assessing stress experienced as a function of environmental conditions unique to living in large cities that was validated in the United States, to 163 high school students in New Delhi, India. Components of urban stress in India, with some modifications, appear to be similar to components of urban stress reported by adolescents in the United States. Urban stress was predictive of high blood pressure as reported by the adolescents 'parents. In addition, urban stress also predicted health habits, such as chewing tobacco and alcohol use, and psychosocial characteristics, such as hostility. Adolescents' reports of parental stress concerning money and social pressures were also associated with city stress. The current study indicates that the City Stress Inventory is valid in an Indian sample and is predictive of health problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Emergence of cardiovascular diseases in developing countries.

Developing countries are subject to the same risks that have contributed to the high incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the already developed countries. Improvements in life expectancy at birth lead to predictable shifts in the cause-of-death structure over time. The stage at which cardiovascular diseases may be considered to be 'actively emerging' corresponds to a life expectancy level between 50 and 60 years and, at this level, cardiovascular disease mortality accounts for 15-25% of all deaths. The average life expectancy at birth in developing countries for the year 2000 is projected to be 60 years or more and it may be expected that by that time cardiovascular diseases would be actively emerging or established in virtually every country. In many developing countries today, life-style pattern that is associated with high rates of coronary heart disease is not yet widespread and it is therefore logical that a strategy of prevention should include efforts to inhibit the entrenchment and spread of unhealthy life-styles in the community (i.e., primordial prevention). At the country level, cardiovascular disease prevention and control cannot be considered in isolation and must be related to prevailing national health priorities and competing claims from other sectors of development. In poorer countries where life expectancy is below 50 years primordial prevention activities are likely to be restricted--perhaps to smoking and hypertension control. In middle-income countries a broader based approach to primordial prevention is feasible and is more likely to be acceptable.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1999

Meat production in developing countries.

Developing countries have very diverse food consumption patterns and agricultural production systems. The proportion of meat in national diets varies from negligible in some countries in central Africa to 30-40% in some countries in Latin America and Mongolia. However, the demand for meat in developing countries is increasing rapidly (53%/year from 1982 to 1993), as the result of population growth and the trend for people to move to the cities. Growth rates in consumption are greatest in Asia, with China dominating the statistics, in view of the size of its population. Theoretically, livestock production can be increased to meet this demand, but the multiple roles of livestock in developing countries must be recognized if this is to be achieved in a sustainable manner. Resource-poor farmers who keep livestock may value more highly their contribution to livelihoods and to crop production, through provision of draught power and improvements in soil fertility through the recycling of manure, than the production of more meat. Recognition of the goals of the farmer and the wishes of the consumer regarding meat quality need to be reflected in the way in which opportunities for increasing meat production are identified and communicated to farmers. The impact of the global economy on cereal prices, for example, will also influence which interventions will be economically viable. Interpretation of information in an integral manner, using geographical information systems, mathematical models and/or simple spreadsheet models will be an important ingredient in turning scientific knowledge into increased meat production in developing countries.

Agriculture↗
PubMed2001

Poverty and health ethics in developing countries.

Developing countries face difficulties of exploitation, dehumanisation and lack of ethical professionalism, to an extent that developed countries do not encounter. Poverty-related difficulties include lack of infrastructure, unreasonable dominance of defence-related expenses in the budget, lack of a sufficient number of health care providers, absence of accountability for serious medical malpractice, as well as exploitation of patients in pharmaceutical trials. This country report presents the case of Bangladesh, one of the poorest countries in the world and therefore a good example for the deplorable condition of the health sector in developing countries.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Prevention in developing countries.

Developing countries have implemented primary health care programs directed primarily at prevention and management of important infectious and nutritional problems of children. Successful programs have emphasized the need for individual and community involvement and have been characterized by responsible government policies for equitable implementation of efficacious and cost-effective health interventions. Unfortunately, developing countries must also face increases in the chronic disease and social problems commonly associated with industrialized countries. Prevention efforts, for example, to reduce tobacco smoking, to modify the diet, to reduce injuries, or to avert environmental contamination, are needed to contain future morbidity and rapidly increasing medical care costs. Developing countries can build on their successful approaches to program implementation and add other measures directed at preservation of health and prevention of disease in adult as well as child populations.

Brazil↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Non-decision making in occupational health policies in developing countries.

Developing countries have no significant policies for occupational health. This analysis identifies four broad mechanisms through which state- and enterprise-level decision makers in developing countries diffuse attemps to instigate improvements in occupational health: inaction or stifling of such efforts during policy implementation; exercise of power; appeal to the existing bias (norms, rules, procedures) of the system; and prevailing dominant ideology. Addressing these limiting factors requires initiating a process of raising the occupational health policy profile that recognizes the importance of empowering workers' organizations, and enabling professionals to play an active role in the generation of occupational health knowledge required to improve occupational health in the developing countries.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2005

The management of acute myocardial infarction in developing countries.

Developing countries contribute a major share to the global burden of cardiovascular disease. Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in particular remains one of the leading causes of death in the developing world as well as in the developed world. While the risk factors, management and outcome of AMI have been extensively studied in the developed world, limited data is available on this subject from developing countries. The current review looks at the prevalence of the classical coronary artery disease risk factors in developing countries and their association with myocardial infarction, as well as the management and outcome of AMI patients in these countries.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2003

Advances in plant biotechnology and its adoption in developing countries.

Developing countries are already benefiting and should continue to benefit significantly from advances in plant biotechnology. Insect-protected cotton containing a natural insecticide protein from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt cotton) is providing millions of farmers with increased yields, reduced insecticide costs and fewer health risks. Many other useful plant biotechnology products that can benefit poor farmers and consumers are in the research and development pipelines of institutions in developing countries, and should soon reach farmers' fields.

Biotechnology↗
PubMed1989

Hypertension studies in developing countries.

Developing countries vary considerably with respect to the behaviour of the blood pressure among its populations. In many countries hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder; but communities also exist within many of these countries that do not manifest hypertension. Some of the characteristics of such communities include primitive social structures and low dietary salt intake. Some special features of hypertension among African populations and persons of African descent may be related to fundamental differences in cellular handling of cations. Difficulties with hypertension control in developing countries are largely economic. The next decade should attempt to ascertain whether observed variations in hypertension prevalence might provide the key to the pathogenesis of high blood pressure and whether primary prevention might resolve the difficulties the developing world encounters in instituting hypertension control.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗
PubMed2003

[Guidelines of the OIE (world organisation for animal health) for the organisation of Veterinary Services and their relations with private-sector partners, with particular reference to developing countries].

Developing countries are being confronted with changes in the international rules governing trade in animal products. At the same time, state control over Veterinary Services, which has been in place for many years, is gradually giving way to private-sector involvement. In light of these developments, the International Animal Health Code (the Code), must ensure that it includes guidelines that take into account the new role of private-sector professionals. Integrating these professionals into the national networks of Veterinary Services is vital for the improvement of the services. Moreover, the situation in the field in developing countries has at times given rise to the emergence of 'alternative' methods of veterinary care, whose uncontrolled development may be an obstacle to achieving the required levels of service provision. It is recommended that countries shun apparently attractive short-term solutions, and adapt their national legislation to allow for the gradual reform of their Veterinary Services, pursuant to international standards.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Perspectives on anaerobic treatment in developing countries.

Developing countries occupy regions where the climate is warm most of the time. Even in sub-tropical areas, low temperatures do not persist for long periods. This is the main factor that makes the use of anaerobic technology applicable and less expensive, even for the treatment of low-strength industrial wastewaters and domestic sewage. Based mainly on papers presented at the "VI Latin-American Workshop and Seminar on Anaerobic Digestion" held in Recife, Brazil, in November 2000, this text approaches the perspectives of anaerobic treatment of wastewaters in developing countries. Emphasis is given to domestic sewage treatment and to the use of compact systems in which sequential batch reactors (SBR) or dissolvedair flotation (DAF) systems are applied for the post-treatment of anaerobic reactor effluents. Experiments on bench- and pilot-plants have indicated that these systems can achieve high performance in removing organic matter and nutrients during the treatment of domestic sewage at ambient temperatures.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
PubMed1999

Collaboration between developing and developed countries and between developing countries in occupational health research and surveillance.

Collaborative occupational health and safety studies between counterparts in developing and developed countries and between developing countries have demonstrated their potential for improving occupational health and safety. Such collaboration in occupational health and safety is encouraged in the development of infrastructure in research empowerment and capacity building. This action includes the setting of priorities, the identification and documentation of problems, sponsorship, data bases and surveillance systems, technical support, methodology, publishing, research and training programs, controlled intervention, information exchange, and networking. Examples of priorities in occupational health and safety in the developing world include the informal sector (informally hired and independent workers), temporary work, pesticides, accidents, dusts, carcinogens, solvents, ergonomics, women and child labor, human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiencey syndrome (HIV/AIDS), and transfer of hazardous materials and technologies. The sustainability of occupational health and safety structures and functions in the developing countries is a primary concern. Socioethical principles emphasize local, national, mutual and global gains. Examples of collaboration are given. Pervasive problems and strategies toward their solution are highlighted.

Developed Countries↗
PubMed2001

Drug donations to developing countries.

Developing countries often receive donations of drugs either during acute emergencies or as part of long-term development aid. The donations may come from corporate bodies or governments. Unfortunately, there have been many examples of drug donations that cause problems instead of being helpful. Very often an emotional appeal for massive medical assistance is issued without determining the priority needs. The main problems are addressed in this paper.

Charities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ageing, lifestyle modifications, and cardiovascular disease in developing countries.

Developing countries face the double menace of still prevalent infectious diseases and increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) with epidemic proportions in the near future, linked to demographic changes (expansion and ageing), and to urbanisation and lifestyle modifications. It is estimated that the elderly population will increase globally (over 80% during the next 25 years), with a large share of this rise in the developing world because of expanding populations. Increasing longevity prolongs the time exposure to risk factors, resulting in a greater probability of CVD. As a paradox, increased longevity due to improved social and economical conditions associated with lifestyle changes in the direction of a rich diet and sedentary habits in the last century, is one of the main contributors to the incremental trend in CVD. The variable increase rate of CVD in different nations may reflect different stages of "epidemiological transition" and it is probable that the relatively slow changes seen in developing populations through the epidemiological transition may occur at an accelerated pace in individuals migrating from nations in need to affluent societies (i.e. Hispanics to the USA, Africans to Europe). Because of restrained economic conditions in the developing world, the greatest gains in controlling the CVD epidemic lies in its prevention. Healthy foods should be widely available and affordable, and healthy dietary practices such as increased consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables, reduced consumption of saturated fat, salt, and simple sugars, may be promoted in all populations. Specific strategies for smoking and overweight control may be regulation of marketed tobacco and unhealthy fast food and promotion of an active lifestyle. Greater longevity and economic progress are accompanied by an increasing burden of CVD and other chronic diseases with an important decrease in quality of life, which should question the benefit of these additional years without quality.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Decision support for management of febrile children ages 2 months to 5 years in tropical developing countries.

Developing countries rarely have enough physicians to follow the traditional diagnostic process found in wealthier nations. Initial diagnoses often must be made by non-physician personnel. In order to enhance the quality of these diagnoses, we have built an expert decision-support system for triaging childhood fever cases for malaria, measles, and acute respiratory infections. The user is guided through a series of questions that produces clinical care guidelines tailored to the patient's condition.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed2000

Applying commodity chain analysis to changing modes of alcohol supply in a developing country.

Development sociology has used global commodity chains as one way of analyzing the dynamics of power and profit-taking in globalized production networks made up of multiple firms and occurring in multiple national settings. A substantial portion of the alcohol supply in developing countries is now produced through such production networks. Particularly in the beer and spirits trade, a small number of transnational firms control networks of local producers, importers, advertisers and distributors. These networks serve to embed transnational or transnationally backed brands in the local culture, using the tools of market research, product design and marketing to influence local drinking practices. Case materials from Malaysia's beer industry help to illustrate how the transnational firms dominate in those links of the commodity chain in which monopoly or oligopoly control is most likely to be found: the design/recipe and marketing/advertising nodes. Their control of the commodity chains and extraction of monopoly or oligopoly profits from them places substantial resources and influence over drinking settings and practices in foreign hands. The impact of this influence on state efficacy and autonomy in setting alcohol policy is an important subject for future research on the creation and implementation of effective alcohol policies in developing societies.

Alcoholic Beverages↗
PubMed2005

Products for clotting factor replacement in developing countries.

Developing countries provide clotting factor replacement for hemophilia patients using one or more of the following strategies. (1) Production of domestic plasma and cryoprecipitate provides some self-sufficiency but depends heavily on the presence of an excellent blood transfusion service. The risk of transmitting donor infections is not completely obviated even with good serologic testing. (2) Domestic plasma fractionation has been achieved in a handful of emerging countries but can be expensive. Patients may distrust businessmen of their own country and may be dissatisfied with the style of product available from domestic plants. (3) Contract fractionation has been successful when the donor country is able to provide adequate amounts of well-tested plasma. Its cost is not always lower than that of imported concentrate but a degree of national self-sufficiency is retained. (4) Importation of concentrate allows a wide choice of products. The selection should focus not only on price but also on product safety, which depends upon well-validated donor testing and viral inactivation. High levels of purification are not of great importance. Successful national hemophilia programs also address organization of care, sensible dosing, and equitable distribution of resources to gain the maximum benefit from scarce resources.

Blood Coagulation Factors↗