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Results for “Concept elicitation”

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PubMed1977

Further studies on the mechanisms controlling prostaglandin biosynthesis in the cat adrenal cortex: the role of calcium and cyclic AMP.

In light of previous studies which have implicated prostaglandin (PG) formation as a link in ACTH-induced steroid production by isolated cat adrenocortical cells, experiments were carried out to provide additional information regarding the role of PGs in adrenal steroidogenesis and their interactions with calcium and cyclic AMP. Perfusion of cat adrenal glands with Locke's solution plus beta(1-24)-ACTH resulted in an immediate increase in PGF2alpha release, which rapidly declined to basal levels after the stimulus was withdrawn. In contrast, maximal rates of steroid release were manifest some 30 min after removal of ACTH. ACTH and its onitrophenyl sulfenyl derivative (NPS-ACTH) increased PG (PGF2alpha and PGE2) and steroid release by trypsin-dispersed cat cortical cells, but NPS-ACTH, unlike ACTH, did not augment cortical cyclic AMP levels. In this same preparation, indomethacin completely blocked ACTH and NPS-ACTH facilitated PGF2alpha and PGE2 release but failed to suppress steroid release markedly. Calcium-deprivation blocked PG and steroid release evoked by these two polypeptides, and depressed PG release elicited by monobutyryl cyclic AMP (bcAMP) without affecting steroid release. These experiments offer additional evidence to support the concept that PGs play a role in the mode of action of ACTH; however, they do not appear to be obligatory intermediates in the steroidogenic process. The importance of calcium in regulating PG formation is discussed with special regard for the idea that this cation has a direct action on the enzyme systems which control PG synthesis.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1978

Recent trends in the immunology of contact sensitivity. I.

The article reviews the recent experimental data that influenced the present concept of contact sensitivity. Particular emphasis is on the mechanism of stimulation of antigen-inexperienced specific lymphocytes, the eliciting phase, and the role of suppressor cells in sensitization and tolerance.

Dermatitis, Contact↗
PubMed1977

Role of tissue hypermetabolism in stimulation of ventilation by dinitrophenol.

Several authors have hypothesized that tissue hypermetabolism accounts for increases in ventilation (VE) elicited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. However, some data in the literature indicate that stimulation of VE by isomers of dinitrophenol is unrelated to tissue metabolic rate. To test this latter concept, we compared three different isomers of dinitrophenol (i.e., 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 2,5-dinitrophenol (2,5,-DNP), 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP) with respect to stimulation of VE and with respect to stimulation of oxygen consumption (VO2). In all experiments, 3-4 mg/kg of one dinitrophenol isomer was administered to chloralose anesthetized dogs by intra-arterial infusion. 2,4-DNP elicited large increments in both VE and VO2, 2,6-DNP elicited moderate increments in both VE and VO2, whereas 2,5-DNP elicited small increments in both VE and VO2. These observations demonstrate a correlation between ventilatory and metabolic changes affected by isomers of dinitrophenol. Accordingly, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that ventilatory stimulation by congeners of dinitrophenol is related to tissue hypermetabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Alexithymia: concept and measurement.

Alexithymia is a concept in need of validation and measurement. The paper summarizes alexithymia as it is understood clinically and describes questionnaires used to elicit information helpful in making the assessment of alexithymia characteristics. Problems in use and the need for further work on comparative clinical experience are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1979

Immunocompetence of the guinea pig's middle ear.

Immunocompetence of the middle ear was studied in guinea pigs in two series of experiments. The first, afferent phase, consisted of grafting iso and allografts in the guinea pig's middle ear to sensitize the animals which were later to receive a skin graft on the back. The second, efferent phase, first sensitized the animals with a skin graft on their back and later in the middle ear. The results show a rather low capacity of the middle ear to elicit a second-set rejection of the skin grafts. This lack of sensitization is explained by the authors by the concept of tolerance.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Lingual blood flow and its hypothalamic control in the dog during panting.

1. The effects of increased ambient temperature (Ta) on blood-flow and -temperatures of the tongue were studied in the unanaesthetized dog. At Ta of 20 degrees C and a relative humidity (rh) of 30% the mean lingual blood flow was 11 ml-min-1 (0.15 ml-g-1-min-1) and the temperature difference between the lingual artery and vein (deltaTLAV) was 1.0 degrees C. Accordingly, a heat loss of 48.6 J-min-1 was calculated even for the dog breathing with the mouth closed. When Ta was elevated to 38 degrees C at constant rh, panting ensued. In parallel fashion lingual blood flow increased to 60.4 ml-min-1 (0.81 ml-g-1-min-1) in mean and to 74.7 ml-min-1 (0.99 ml-g-1-min-1) at peak rate of thermal tachypnoea (272 breaths-min-1). This flow increase resulted from a decrease in the local vascular resistance since the driving systemic pressure remained constant. It was accompanied by an increase in TLAV to 1.5 degrees C equivalent to a heat loss of 400.7J-min-1 in mean and 496.2J-min-1 at maximum respiratory rate. 2. The preoptic/anterior hypothalamic (PO/AH) region was heated with a water perfused thermode in urethane anaesthetized dogs at constant body temperature in order to study the relationship in time between the increase in lingual blood flow and the onset of thermal panting. Lingual blood flow was found to be 20 ml-min-1 at a respiratory rate of 60 breaths/min. During hypothalamic heating both respiratory rate and lingual blood flow increased markedly. At maximum respiratory rates (244 breaths-min-1) lingual blood flow reached a level of 60 ml-min-1. When perfusion of the thermode was stopped, both respiratory rate and lingual blood flow synchronously returned to control values within 5 min. Similar changes did not occur in dogs in which a ventilatory response failed to be elicited during hypothalamic heating. 3. The results suggest that the tongue contributes to the evaporative heat loss mechanism and they confirm the concept that panting, associated with increased lingual blood flow, is induced by a common autonomic outflow pattern which is mediated by the central mechanism controlling thermal homeostasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Lordosis in the male golden hamster elicited by manual stimulation: characteristics and hormonal sensitivity.

The lordosis response was regularly elicited from 24 of 31 intact, adult male hamsters, using manual somatosensory stimulation of the dorsal rear body. In these males there was no correlation between measures of male-typical behavior and lordosis. Castration had no effect on male lordosis duration scores even when intromissions were eliminated. Combined treatment with estradiol benzoate and progesterone significantly increased male lordosis duration scores. The body surface was mapped with a standardized brush stimulus. For eliciting lordosis, effectiveness of stimulation increased in an almost identical manner for hormone-primed males and females from the anterior to the posterior part of the body, with the stimulation of flanks, rump, and perineum the most effective. Within each skin zone, absolute effectiveness was greater in females than in males. Various types of somato-sensory stimulation were compared for their effectiveness in eliciting lordosis. Females were more responsive to these stimuli than males, even when males were hormonally primed. These behavioral data have implications for concepts of the neural organization of male- and female-typical mating responses existing within the same individual.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Distribution of the feature [+animate] in the lexicon of the child.

Piaget suggests that animistic thinking is a pervasive feature of children's cognition. To test this notion, 4- to 8-year-old children were shown several inanimate objects and asked to pick those which perform activities characteristic of living organisms. These activities were typified by six verbs: "ear," "sleep," "breathe," "grow," "die," and "be alive." Fifty percent of the younger children responded animistically, by misattributing life processes to inanimate objects, but only 18% of their total responses were animistic. Twenty percent of the older children responded animistically, but only 20% of their responses were animistic. In Experiment II, children were shown drawings singly and asked if the object could perform activities named by one of the six verbs. Results were similar to those of Experiment I but with somewhat less animism. Experiment III required children to spontaneously name things that are alive. There were no animistic responses. It was concluded that animistic thinking is not a genuine phenomenon but linguistic confusion elicited by novel objects and unfamiliar words.

Child↗
PubMed1976

Autoregulatory system of insulin degradation in liver. II. Relationship between blood insulin levels and GSH-dependent insulin degrading activity in liver and blood.

An autoregulatory system of insulin degradation in the liver in which the rate of insulin metabolism changes in response to fluctuation in its blood levels, was investigated. In the plasma of rats and man in the absence of reduced glutathione (GSH), insulin degradation was not observed, but when a sufficient amount of reduced glutathione was added, the plasma did degrade insulin. This GSH-dependent insulin degrading activity in plasma was quite similar to that in liver in its nature. In rats, this GSH-dependent insulin degrading activity in the liver and plasma was fluctuated in response to fluctuation in the blood insulin levels, and the GSH-dependent insulin degrading activity in plasma was well correlated with that in the liver. Similarly, in man the GSH-dependent insulin degrading activity in plasma was changed in response to fluctuation in the blood insulin levels. In plasma under the physiologic conditions, there is an insufficient amount of reduced glutathione to elicit the insulin degrading activity, but in the liver there is a sufficient amount of reduced glutathione to manifest this activity. This evidence further supports the concept that an autoregulatory system of insulin degradation in the liver exists in man.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Urinary 3'5' cyclic AMP. Diagnostic test in pseudohypoparathyroidism.

Measurement of urinary cyclic AMP (adenosine 3'5'-cyclic phosphate) and examination of calcium and phosphorus metabolism was carried out in two children with pseudohypoparathyroidism. In both patients infusion of parathyroid hormone failed to elicit any change in urinary cyclic AMP, while a dose-dependent increase in urinary cyclic AMP occurred in a normal control. The findings agree with concept of unresponsiveness of renal cortical tissue to parathyroid hormone in pseudohypoparathyroidism and provide further evidence that measurement of urinary cyclic AMP during parathyroid hormone infusion may be the method of choice in the diagnosis of this disease.

Calcium↗
PubMed1976

Receptor-active growth hormone in Laron dwarfism.

The hepatic radioreceptor assay for hGH has been applied to the detection of hGH in the sera of patients with high growth hormone dwarfism (Laron dwarfism). Substantial quantities of receptor-active hGH were found in the sera of all 7 patients studied. In one patient, arginine infusion elicited a prompt increase in both immunoactive and receptor-active hGH. These observations suggest that circulating hGH in Laron dwarfism is biologically active and support the concept that the disease may be caused by a generalized defect in hGH receptors.

Arginine↗
PubMed1979

Human auditory on- and off-potentials of the brainstem.

Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEP) elicited by bursts of white noise and 2 kHz sine waves were investigated in 3 subjects with normal hearing. The effects of Gaussian-shaped envelopes of varying half-width on the BAEP for stimulus on- and offset are demonstrated. The concept of "virtual trigger time, amplitude or energy" of the acoustic stimulus is proposed for an understanding of the effects of different envelope characteristics on the BAEP. Apart from potentials due to stimulus onset, we also found consistent potential changes after signal switch-off both for bursts of white noise and sinewaves. In the case of white noise these potentials appear to be related to a synchronized decrease in the firing rate of the cochlea and the auditory nerve. In the case of tone-bursts the potentials appear to be related to transient spectral components which elicit a new On-potential during acoustic stimulus offset.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1977

The Golden Section and structure of self-concepts.

It was hypothesized that, when subjects form impressions of a person whom they have just met for the first time, the mean proportion of perceived differences between self and other will be approximately 0.368. Undergraduates, 15 women and 15 men, were asked to categorize a new acquaintance, following a brief conversation with him, on 22 bipolar dimensions elicited from themselves. They also categorized themselves on the same dimensions. The mean proportion of judgments of unlike-self of the new acquaintance was 0.364, which is quite close to the predicted value and consistent with the results of related experiments. Perhaps differences between self and others define the contours of the self as "figure" against a diffuse background of similarities.

Cognition↗
PubMed1976

Effects of hypercapnea and of hypercapnea in combination with hypoxia on midbrain-induced cardiac dysrhythmias.

Stimulation of the midbrain during acute combined arterial hypoxia and hypercapnea produces serious cardiac dysrhythmias which are not evoked when stimulation is elicited either with normal arterial blood gas tensions or with isolated mild hypercapnea. The cardiac dysrhythmias are mediated by both enhanced sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent discharge. The results support the concept that increased autonomic activity in combination with acute arterial hypoxia and hypercapnea contribute significantly to the exhibition of serious cardiac rhythm disturbances. Acute hypoxia appears to be the major determinant of such dysrhythmias.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The poor reactivity of retinal vessels to systemic administration of vasoactive agents in pentobarbital anesthetized rats.

The responsiveness of retinal vasculature to i.v. administration of several potent vasoactive agents was studied in pentobarbital anesthetized rats by taking fundus photographs. Since cerebral vasculature had been claimed to react in a similar manner but less liably than retinal vessels to some vasoactive substances, the findings were applied to the problem of reactivity of brain vessels. Sublethal doses of noradrenaline, adrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, angiotensin amide and arginine orlysine vasopressin caused no marked acute ( less than or equal to 2 min) vasoconstriction in retinal vessels. Nor did any of these agents or bradykinin elicit vasodilatation. The late vasoconstriction (greater than 2 min) found in succumbing animals was most likely unspecific, since it did not occur until severe toxic symptoms appeared. The findings support the concept that intracerebral vessels are quite resistant to the direct action of many vasoactive agents given i.v.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Passive immunization with antisera to Streptococcus mutans in the prevention of caries in rhesus monkeys.

1) The immunological mechanism of protection against dental caries has been investigated by passive immunization with antisera to S. mutans in the rhesus monkey. 2) Passive immunization with separated IgG, IgM and IgA from sera of immunized monkeys supports the concept that IgG, unlike IgA or IgM antibodies are protective. 3) The role of cell-mediated immunity has been explored by the use of transfer factor. This showed that protection against dental caries can be elicited by passive transfer of whole immune serum and cellular immunity, but not by cellular immunity or immune serum alone. 4) The results of active and passive immunization suggests that immuno-regulation of T and B cell interactions plays an important part in the effector mechanism of opsonization, phagocytosis and killing of S. mutans.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Anxiety, task-experience, and vocal-style of judges as determinants of performer confidence.

To examine the effect of umpiring vocal-manner on a performance-measure of confidence, 30 baseball players viewed a series of videotaped pitching-catching-umpiring sequences and rated confidence in their ability to hit each pitch. Matched sequences were presented under each of two controlled conditions: for Conventional, the umpire called "strikes" emphatically and "balls" in an indifferent manner; for Modified, this vocal-manner was reversed. A single Conventional (or, Modified) sequence embedded within a series of contrasting sequences and a "bad" pitch (clearly out of the strike-zone) were included as tests of the effectiveness of the experimental manipulation. Results indicated: (1) Modified umpiring enhanced confidence; (2) this effect was most prominent among highly experienced players; (3) low-anxiety players showed higher confidence under both conditions; (4) Modified sequences embedded within a Conventional background elicited significantly greater confidence than in the background sequences.

Achievement↗
PubMed1976

Indomethacin-induced alterations in corticosteroid and prostaglandin release by isolated adrenocortical cells of the cat.

1 The effects of purported prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors on steroid and prostaglandin (E and F) release from trypsin-dispersed cat adrenocortical cells were investigated. 2 Low indomethacin concentrations potentiated adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH)-evoked prostaglandin and steroid release, whereas higher concentrations depressed both responses to ACTH. The steroidogenic response to exogenous prostaglandin E2 was not markedly altered over a wide range of indomethacin concentrations. 3 Indomethacin enhanced basal steroid release but did not enhance basal prostaglandin E or F release. 4 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic acid (ETA) elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of ACTH-induced steroid release, but had little effect on prostaglandin E2-induced steroid release. A high concentration of ETA inhibited prostaglandin E and F release. 5 These data are discussed in relation to the concept that prostaglandins provide a critical link in ACTH-induced corticosteroidogenesis.

5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid↗