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Results for “Concept elicitation”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Psychiatrists' versus patients' concepts of unpleasant emotions.

A semantic differential technique was used to elicit concepts of anxiety, depression and irritability from twenty patients suffering from neurosis and ten experienced psychiatrists. It was found that psychiatrists hold concepts of these unpleasant affects that are much more differentiated than those held by patients. In particular, the psychiatrists' concepts of anxiety and depression showed a correlation of zero, whereas the patients' concepts of these affects overlapped to a considerable degree. Patients were unable to discriminate between anxiety and depression on the basis of 11 somatic symptoms, but were able to use these symptoms to distinguish anxiety and depression from irritability. The psychiatrists were in close accord with the patients over the somatic symptoms that distinguished anxiety from irritability.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1978

The concept of induction and elicitation as an immunotherapeutic approach.

The concept of "induction and elicitation," propounded by Stuart Mudd, circumvents the dangers of infecting the immunologically impaired individual without abrogating the effectiveness of the antigenic stimulus provided by an initial infection with living organisms. Mudd's concept utilizes the ubiquitous and naturally established delayed type hypersensitivity to Staphylococcus aureus as the primary induction step for the more effective use of bacterial fractions, such as staphylococcal phage lysate, a potent immunizing agent, commercially licensed and available, in the subsequent elicitation of a nonspecific, cell-mediated immune response. The results of an exploratory study in which induction and elicitation were applied as an immunotherapeutic modality, in combination with surgery, in a metastasizing animal tumor model (the F344 rat) are presented.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Development of an age specific EORTC questionnaire to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of children with cancer aged 8-14 years - a mixed-methods content elicitation phase I & II EORTC QLG study.

BACKGROUND: Experiencing cancer can be physically and psychosocially challenging in the short- and long-term. Integrating Patient-Reported Outcome Measurements (PROMs) to capture these challenges can support patient-centered care and may reduce morbidity and mortality. However, age-appropriate tools remain scarce for children and adolescents. We report on the development phases I/II of the EORTC QLQ-CHI questionnaire tailored for children 8-14 years. METHODS: Following the EORTC QLG module development guidelines, qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted in children aged 8-14 years undergoing active cancer treatment, parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs). Participants rated the relevance of issues identified in a previous systematic review (Phase Ia) and provided preferences on response format and recall period (Phase Ib). During expert round tables, key issues were converted into items (Phase II). RESULTS: Interviews were completed with 47 children, 45 parents, and 22 HCPs from six countries. Among all children (mean age=10.8&#x202f;&#xb1;&#x202f;1.9 years; 57.4% female), 55.3% had haematological cancers. Of the initially identified issues, 57 were identified as key issues by comparing children's, parents' and HCPs feedback. Children preferred four response options (70.0%) and a shorter recall period (43.3%). Through expert round tables (Phase II), items were assigned to a more symptom-oriented core scale and an additional scale for psychosocial concerns. The provisional questionnaire consists of 50 items. CONCLUSION: This study represents the first step in developing the EORTC QLQ-CHI (8-14 years). Next steps include pilot testing, validation (Phase III and IV), co-development of a corresponding measure for children <&#x202f;8 years and an observer-rating version.

Humans↗
PubMed2024

Expert opinion elicitation for assisting deep learning based Lyme disease classifier with patient data.

BACKGROUND: Diagnosing erythema migrans (EM) skin lesion, the most common early symptom of Lyme disease, using deep learning techniques can be effective to prevent long-term complications. Existing works on deep learning based EM recognition only utilizes lesion image due to the lack of a dataset of Lyme disease related images with associated patient data. Doctors rely on patient information about the background of the skin lesion to confirm their diagnosis. To assist deep learning model with a probability score calculated from patient data, this study elicited opinions from fifteen expert doctors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first expert elicitation work to calculate Lyme disease probability from patient data. METHODS: For the elicitation process, a questionnaire with questions and possible answers related to EM was prepared. Doctors provided relative weights to different answers to the questions. We converted doctors' evaluations to probability scores using Gaussian mixture based density estimation. We exploited formal concept analysis and decision tree for elicited model validation and explanation. We also proposed an algorithm for combining independent probability estimates from multiple modalities, such as merging the EM probability score from a deep learning image classifier with the elicited score from patient data. RESULTS: We successfully elicited opinions from fifteen expert doctors to create a model for obtaining EM probability scores from patient data. CONCLUSIONS: The elicited probability score and the proposed algorithm can be utilized to make image based deep learning Lyme disease pre-scanners robust. The proposed elicitation and validation process is easy for doctors to follow and can help address related medical diagnosis problems where it is challenging to collect patient data.

Humans↗
PubMed1979

Null space in the Hodgkin-Huxley Equations. A critical test.

Voltage perturbation methods based upon topological concepts are used to elicit responses from the Hodgkin-Huxley (HH) nonlinear differential equations. These responses present a critical check upon the validity of the HH model for electrical activity across squid axon membrane. It is shown that when a constant current is applied such that a stable equilibrium and rhythmic firing are present, the following predictions are inherent in the HH system of equations: (a) Small instantaneous voltage perturbations to the axon given at points along its firing spike result in phase resetting curves (when new phase versus old phase is plotted) with an average slope of 1. (b) A larger voltage perturbation (from certain points along the firing spike) results in the permanent cessation of periodic firing, with membrane voltage rapidly approaching the equilibrium value. (c) A still larger perturbation yields phase resetting curves with an average slope equal to 0. These predictions, coupled with Tasaki's experimental demonstration that squid axons in excellent condition do give repetitive firing under constant current, provide a critical test of the validity of the HH model.

Animals↗
PubMed2025

Structures of respiratory syncytial virus G bound to broadly reactive antibodies provide insights into vaccine design.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infants and older adults. The attachment glycoprotein (RSV G) binds to the chemokine receptor CX3CR1 to promote viral entry and modulate host immunity. Antibodies against RSV G are a known correlate of protection. Previously, several broadly reactive, high-affinity anti-RSV G human monoclonal antibodies were isolated from RSV-exposed individuals and were shown to be protective in vitro and in vivo. Here, we determined the structures of three of these antibodies in complex with RSV G and defined distinct conformational epitopes comprised of highly conserved RSV G residues. Binding competition and structural studies demonstrated that this highly conserved region displays two non-overlapping antigenic sites. Analyses of anti-RSV G antibody sequences reveal that antigenic site flexibility may promote the elicitation of diverse antibody germlines. Together, these findings provide a foundation for next-generation RSV prophylactics, and they expand concepts in vaccine design for the elicitation of germline lineage-diverse, broadly reactive, high-affinity antibodies.

Humans↗
PubMed1976

Responses of cancer patients in the MEM test: not just a function of charge on basic proteins.

It has been reported that lymphocytes from cancer patients give positive responses to PPD, myelin basic protein, tumour basic protein, and certain histone fractions in the MEM test. The underlying mechanisms of the MEM test are poorly understood, but it is widely assumed that it detects immunological sensitization to specific antigenic determinants. The cross-reactivity experienced is interpreted as indicating shared antigenicity. Since all the stimulatory proteins are strongly basic we investigated an alternative explanation that responsiveness is a function of electrical charge by comparing the known stimulatory proteins in the MEM test with two others of similar basicity: lysozyme and cytochrome-C. We obtained highly significant stimulation with PPD, tryptophane peptide of myelin, and tumour basic protein using Mantoux + cancer patients, but found no response to other basic proteins. We failed to confirm the reported activity of histone F2a. Our results indicate that basicity alone is insufficient to elicit response, and strengthens the concept that the MEM test is measuring sensitization to the determinants shared by myelin and tumour basic protein.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Use of situational cues by preschool children.

Pictures often are used in language intervention programs to elicit selected linguistic constructions or to teach concepts to children below the age of 5 years. However,, preschool children frequently are egocentric in their perceptions and in their language, and are unable to view a situation from a perspective other than their own. This study presented children who were in Piaget's preoperational period of development with pictures accompanied by a one-word descriptive phrase and asked the children to explain what was meant by the utterance. It was found that the younger child generally was more egocentric in his interpretations, and his responses reflected less attention to the situational cues present in the picture. The results are discussed in light of common clinical practices of using pictorial stimuli for children with language problems.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1979

The orienting response and stimulus significance: some comments.

Bernstein (1969, 1979) has argued that Skolov's (1963) model is not sufficient to account for the data concerning orienting response (OR) elicitation to stimulus change. He has argued that following the registration of stimulus mismatch, an additional stage of stimulus evaluation occurs and that only stimuli which represent change and are judged as 'significant' elicit ORs. The present paper takes issue with this assertion. It is argued that the data on which the 'significance hypothesis' was originally based are not replicable and that the argument, as it was formulated originally, is tautological. It is also argued that individual differences in OR responsiveness are more parsimoniously explained in terms of individual response stereotypy and that differential responsiveness to different sorts of stimulus change poses problems for the significance hypothesis. Evidence is also reviewed which suggests that the relationship between stimulus change and stimulus significance is additive rather than multiplicative as suggested by Bernstein, i.e., stimulus change and stimulus significance are each sufficient for OR elicitation. Finally, it is concluded that the concept of 'significance', introduced operationally, may be of value in terms of examining the role of the OR in information processing.

Auditory Perception↗
PubMed1977

Antisomatogyral illusion.

Following voluntary ambulatory turning (eight turns), perceived motion is reversed in direction relative to a) aftereffects of passive rotation and b) predictions from current concepts of immer ear function. Following active turning, feedback from reflexes elicited by vestibulospinal activity apparently dominates the perceptual experience. Practical consequences in medicine and aviation are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

The development of pronoun usage in the psychotic child.

Twenty-three psychotic children ranging in age from 5 to 16 were interviewed in half-hour play sessions. The play session comprised three activities designed to elicit statements using the pronouns I, you, and he to express the concepts of possession, action, and description. It was hypothesized that psychotic children would use the third-person pronoun he more readily than the first-person pronoun I (Hypothesis I), and that possession, action, and description statements would develop in an orderly sequence as predicted by Bosch (1962/1970) (Hypothesis II). Hypothesis I was not confirmed: Some of the least advanced psychotic children used the pronoun I, and only the most advanced children used you and he. Hypothesis II was confirmed: the least advanced children used pronouns correctly in statements expressing the concept of possession, whereas the most advanced children had mastered all three contexts of pronoun use. These results have implications for language therapy, and they are concordant with the language theories of Piaget and Werner and Kaplan.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Further studies on the mechanisms controlling prostaglandin biosynthesis in the cat adrenal cortex: the role of calcium and cyclic AMP.

In light of previous studies which have implicated prostaglandin (PG) formation as a link in ACTH-induced steroid production by isolated cat adrenocortical cells, experiments were carried out to provide additional information regarding the role of PGs in adrenal steroidogenesis and their interactions with calcium and cyclic AMP. Perfusion of cat adrenal glands with Locke's solution plus beta(1-24)-ACTH resulted in an immediate increase in PGF2alpha release, which rapidly declined to basal levels after the stimulus was withdrawn. In contrast, maximal rates of steroid release were manifest some 30 min after removal of ACTH. ACTH and its onitrophenyl sulfenyl derivative (NPS-ACTH) increased PG (PGF2alpha and PGE2) and steroid release by trypsin-dispersed cat cortical cells, but NPS-ACTH, unlike ACTH, did not augment cortical cyclic AMP levels. In this same preparation, indomethacin completely blocked ACTH and NPS-ACTH facilitated PGF2alpha and PGE2 release but failed to suppress steroid release markedly. Calcium-deprivation blocked PG and steroid release evoked by these two polypeptides, and depressed PG release elicited by monobutyryl cyclic AMP (bcAMP) without affecting steroid release. These experiments offer additional evidence to support the concept that PGs play a role in the mode of action of ACTH; however, they do not appear to be obligatory intermediates in the steroidogenic process. The importance of calcium in regulating PG formation is discussed with special regard for the idea that this cation has a direct action on the enzyme systems which control PG synthesis.

Adrenal Cortex↗
PubMed1978

Recent trends in the immunology of contact sensitivity. I.

The article reviews the recent experimental data that influenced the present concept of contact sensitivity. Particular emphasis is on the mechanism of stimulation of antigen-inexperienced specific lymphocytes, the eliciting phase, and the role of suppressor cells in sensitization and tolerance.

Dermatitis, Contact↗
PubMed1977

Role of tissue hypermetabolism in stimulation of ventilation by dinitrophenol.

Several authors have hypothesized that tissue hypermetabolism accounts for increases in ventilation (VE) elicited by 2,4-dinitrophenol. However, some data in the literature indicate that stimulation of VE by isomers of dinitrophenol is unrelated to tissue metabolic rate. To test this latter concept, we compared three different isomers of dinitrophenol (i.e., 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP), 2,5-dinitrophenol (2,5,-DNP), 2,6-dinitrophenol (2,6-DNP) with respect to stimulation of VE and with respect to stimulation of oxygen consumption (VO2). In all experiments, 3-4 mg/kg of one dinitrophenol isomer was administered to chloralose anesthetized dogs by intra-arterial infusion. 2,4-DNP elicited large increments in both VE and VO2, 2,6-DNP elicited moderate increments in both VE and VO2, whereas 2,5-DNP elicited small increments in both VE and VO2. These observations demonstrate a correlation between ventilatory and metabolic changes affected by isomers of dinitrophenol. Accordingly, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that ventilatory stimulation by congeners of dinitrophenol is related to tissue hypermetabolism.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Alexithymia: concept and measurement.

Alexithymia is a concept in need of validation and measurement. The paper summarizes alexithymia as it is understood clinically and describes questionnaires used to elicit information helpful in making the assessment of alexithymia characteristics. Problems in use and the need for further work on comparative clinical experience are discussed.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1979

Immunocompetence of the guinea pig's middle ear.

Immunocompetence of the middle ear was studied in guinea pigs in two series of experiments. The first, afferent phase, consisted of grafting iso and allografts in the guinea pig's middle ear to sensitize the animals which were later to receive a skin graft on the back. The second, efferent phase, first sensitized the animals with a skin graft on their back and later in the middle ear. The results show a rather low capacity of the middle ear to elicit a second-set rejection of the skin grafts. This lack of sensitization is explained by the authors by the concept of tolerance.

Animals↗