Hypnotic age regression and cognitive perceptual tasks.
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Adolescent↗
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Heart rate and skin conductance during cognitive processes as a function of age.
Heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) were measured in males ranging in age from 23 to 87 years while they were performing mental arithmetic tasks, subtractions, and during multiple trial free recall. Performance on the arithmetic tasks was not affected by age. HR but not SC showed greater changes from basal levels in young subjects. Free recall was greater in young than in old subjects, and changes in HR were again greater in the young subjects. During intertrial rest periods HR returned t9 basal levels in young but not in old subjects. These changes are similar to those seen in older people after physical exercise. Correlations between HR and SC changes during arithmetic performance and during free recall indicated that response stereotypy is to some extent age dependent.
Adult↗
Neonatal serum bilirubin levels related to cognitive development at ages 4 through 7 years.
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Birth Weight↗
[Perceived immutability of health and economic stress: cognitive theory of adjustment to aging].
94 women and 80 men with or without major economic and/or health problems (age 65--94 yrs.) were given a set of interviews and questionnaires, including a scale for measuring 'perceived definitiveness of the own negative situation' (PEDE). Persons socring high in this scale differed in a significant way regarding health, housing, family, and economic situation, intelligence, and life satisfaction. Major differences exist also regarding responses to economic and/or health problems. Hypotheses were derived from a cognitive theory of adjustment to aging emphasizing the impact of cognitive systems on the primary and secondly appriasal processes and the selection of response.
Aged↗
[Aging in cities and in the country (author's transl)].
A growing concern with ecological issues has led gerontologist to analyze the life-situation of aged people in cities and in the country more precisely. While it is generally assumed that aging in the country has advantages to aging in the city, statistical figures (e.g. income, living conditions, health status, educational opportunities, institutions for the aged) show that country dweller's "cumulative disadvantages" have to be taken into consideration, disadvantages caused by interacting societal and individual factors in rural life. Psychological investigations--as e.g. the Bonn Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA)--show positive correlations between a central location of the home and increased general activity, broader scope of interests, more frequent use of communication media (newspapers, newscasts), better mood, greater readiness for involvement. While city-dwellers are more frequently engaged in social contacts outside of the family, country dwellers are more involved in interactions with the immediate family. The following practical considerations for the improvement of the situation of the aged in the country are presented: beginning in childhood and youth, conditions should be granted which allow the individual to live in ways which prevent too early aging; this ought to be supplemented by providing activating and stimulating environments for aging people and help for the aged, be it in special institutions or through activities in their familiar environment. It is shown that a differential ecogerontology is required, since (1) a simple distinction between city and country is by far too global, (2) similar ecological conditions are known to have different effects, depending on inter-individual differences, and (3) intraindividual patterns, and (4) it becomes evident that objective ecological conditions do not as clearly determine behavior in age as do cognitive representations of these ecological variables. This last statement is in accordance with the cognitive theory of aging. There can be no doubt that ecological variables influence the process of aging, but there is nothing like the aging in the country.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Effects of Exergame Balance Training with Variable Cognitive Motor Challenges on Serum BDNF, p-tau181, and Cognitive Functions in Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Trial.
INTRODUCTION: Cognitive-motor exergame balance training may increase attentional demands and neuronal processing, potentially affecting serum levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Aβ1-42, and p-tau181, as well as train cognitive abilities in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study aimed to compare the effects of exergame balance training of mild, moderate, high-difficulty, and Wii Fit™ groups on blood serum levels of BDNF, Aβ1-42, p-tau181, and cognition function in adults with MCI. METHODS: In this four-arm, parallel group randomized clinical trial, 97 adults with MCI were randomly assigned to exergame balance training groups of mild, moderate, high-difficulty, and Wii Fit exergame as a control group. All participants received 40 min/session, 3 times/week for 8 weeks. Assessment of serum levels of p-tau181, Aβ1-42, BDNF, and cognitive functions was conducted at baseline, after weeks 4 and 8. A mixed-model analysis of covariance was used, with post-baseline measurements (weeks 4 and 8) specified as the within-subject factor and the corresponding baseline value entered as a covariate to adjust for initial between-group variability. RESULTS: A significant group × time interaction was found for BDNF, F(3,92) = 6.413, P = 0.017, ηp2 = 0.181; p-tau181, F(3,92) = 4.640, P = 0.040, ηp2 = 0.138; attention, F(3,92) = 4.171, P = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.057; abstraction, F(3,92) = 4.263, P = 0.043, ηp2 = 0.058; and visuospatial skills, F(3,92) = 6.931, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.234. CONCLUSION: Cognitive-motor challenge-based exergame balance training was associated with an increase in serum BDNF, a reduction in p-tau181. In contrast, the Aβ1-42 levels remained stable. These changes were accompanied by improvement in selective cognitive functions (attention, abstraction, and visuospatial skills) in individuals with MCI. Greater effects were observed in moderate and high-difficulty groups, suggesting the importance of intervention intensity in promoting cognitive and neurobiological outcomes in MCI.
Humans↗
Life-course stress exposure and cognitive decline in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: The role of sex differences and educational protection.
BACKGROUND: Stressful life events (SLEs) across the life course have been associated with cognitive decline, but evidence on their cumulative impact and potential modifiers remains limited. We aimed to examine the associations between SLE exposure in childhood, adulthood, or both life stages and cognitive trajectories, and to investigate whether these associations vary by sex and education. METHODS: We used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative cohort of adults aged ≥45 years. Participants with complete data on SLEs, cognition, and covariates were included (n = 5922). SLEs were retrospectively assessed for childhood and adulthood. Cognitive function was measured using a composite score (range 0-21) across three waves (2011-2015). Linear mixed-effects models examined longitudinal associations, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, health behaviors, and chronic conditions, with interaction analyses for sex and education. RESULTS: Compared with participants reporting no SLEs, cumulative exposure showed the strongest association with cognitive decline (β = -0.52, 95% CI -0.69 to -0.35), followed by childhood-only (β = -0.34, -0.48 to -0.20) and adulthood-only exposure (β = -0.22, -0.37 to -0.07). Sex significantly moderated the associations for childhood and cumulative exposure, with women exhibiting greater cognitive vulnerability. Higher educational attainment attenuated the associations between single-period stress and cognitive decline, with only partial protection observed against cumulative adversity. CONCLUSION: Cumulative life-course stress is associated with accelerated cognitive decline in Chinese middle-aged and older adults. Women appear more vulnerable to stress-related cognitive effects, whereas higher education confers partial resilience, highlighting the need for sex-sensitive and education-informed prevention strategies.
Humans↗
Heterogeneity Analysis of Associations Involving the Large-Scale Online MindCrowd Survey Memory Test.
INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (ADRDs), as well as general age-related cognitive decline, are known to be multifactorial with heterogeneous etiologies. Identifying and accommodating heterogeneity in any one ADRD-related data set can be pursued using different analytical techniques, each with different assumptions or purposes. For example, whereas a great deal of research has explored clustering individuals or variables that exhibit greater similarity in some way, little research has explored evidence for heterogeneity in the relationships between relevant outcomes, such as performance on a memory test, and risk factors such as environmental exposures, behaviors, or genetic factors among individuals. METHODS: We explored evidence of heterogeneity in the relationships between ability on a memory test, specifically the paired associate learning (PAL) test, and multiple social and demographic risk factors using the large MindCrowd study database (n > 90,000 individuals). We focused on mixtures of regression models but compared models assuming many interaction effects among independent variables as well as random effects. RESULTS: We ultimately find substantial evidence for heterogeneity and offer an intuitive explanation for it involving individual motivation for participating in the MindCrowd study. Basically, we argue that our mixture of regression model analysis results suggest that a smaller group of individuals (∼16%) likely participated in the MindCrowd study out of a concern for their cognitive abilities as they exhibit stronger and statistically significant negative associations between age, number of medications they are on, some ancestries, and the number correct on the PAL test. They also exhibit stronger positive associations between education and PAL test results in a dose-dependent manner suggesting that a "cognitive reserve" associated with greater education could benefit them. Analysis models assuming interaction terms and random effects suggested that other forms of heterogeneity in the relationships between variables exist in the data set, but their results do not carry with them the same intuitive explanation that the results of the mixture model analyses do. CONCLUSION: We find evidence for heterogeneity in the relationships between social and demographic variables and PAL test results in the large MindCrowd study database. This heterogeneity is likely due to individuals with and without concerns for their cognitive abilities participating in the study. We also find other types of evidence in the data set. Our results should motivate caution in the use of large epidemiological study or survey-oriented data sets to build predictive models of clinical or subclinical pathologies without exploring or accommodating heterogeneity. Our results also suggest that one should include questions about motivation to participate in large epidemiological studies since different motivations may impact important relationships between independent and dependent variables.
Humans↗
Evaluation of the effectiveness of reality orientation classes in a nursing home unit.
The effectiveness of a geriatric treatment program is determined largely by the extent to which it contributes to enhanced independent functioning. To examine the effectiveness of Reality Orientation (RO) classroom instruction, the verbal orientation and the everyday behavior of 22 residents in a Veterans Administration Nursing Home Care Unit were assessed before and after their participation in RO classes. The classes met five days a week for three months. Participants showed a significant increase in verbal orientation (as measured by the Reality Orientation Questionnaire) and a significant improvement in independent functioning (as measured by the Geriatic Resident Goals Scale). The results provide evidence of the effectiveness of RO as a treatment procedure for disoriented geriatric residents.
Aged↗
Interactive effects of age and cerebral disease on cognitive performances.
A battery of mental tests was given to groups of younger (16--44 years) and older (48--60 years) control and cerebral diseased patients. Each patient in the younger cerebral diseased group was matched individually with an older cerebral diseased patient for type and site of lesion. Each patient with cerebral disease was matched individually with a control patient for age, educational level and sex. Differences in level of test performance related to age were generally greater for cerebral diseased than for control patients. Differences in level of test performance related to diagnostic category were generally greater for older than for younger patients. Analysis disclosed a significant overall interactive effect of age and cerebral disease on the performance of mental tests, supporting the hypothesis that acquired cerebral disease has more severe behavioral consequences in older than in younger persons.
Adolescent↗
Distinct cellular phenotypes of language and executive decline in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Cognitive manifestations, including impairments in language and executive functions, are seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We mapped prefrontal cortex regions from ALS patients by integrating spatial and single-nucleus transcriptomics in a cognitively stratified patient cohort. We uncover that cognitive impairment in ALS is associated with distinct patterns of neuronal dysfunction and glial-vascular dysregulation that vary by region and cognitive subtype. Executive dysfunction is linked to reduced mitochondrial and synaptic activity in deep-layer dorsolateral prefrontal cortex neurons, whereas language-related deficits track with a diffuse pan-regional response involving glial and vascular abnormalities. Our analyses, validated by multiplexed imaging, further identify signatures in the prefrontal cortex that span both motor and cognitive phenotypes, including a multicellular gliosis response. The findings reveal that clinical heterogeneity in ALS is driven by phenotype-specific cellular interactions in motor and non-motor regions of the brain.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis↗
Congenital and acquired cognitive disorders. Introduction: comments on epidemiological and socioeconomic implications.
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Aged↗
Haptic exploration in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults.
Matching accuracy and strategy utilization in young, middle-aged, and elderly adults was examined in a series of intramodal, haptic match-to-standard problems. Subjects were presented with 2-, 3-, and 4-comparison stimulus arrays and asked to locate by touch alone the comparison stimulus that exactly matched the standard. Results indicated that elderly adults, in comparison to young and middle-aged adults, were less successful in solving the haptic problems. Furthermore, they also displayed less systematic and logical haptic search strategies. Discussion of the results focused on the competence-performance distinction and the relation of selectivity and performance during the aging process.
Adult↗
Differences and changes with age in the Benton visual retention test.
The relation of adult age and performance on memory for designs (Benton Revised Visual Retention Test) was determined for men by analyzing: (a) three cross-sectional samples (Ns = 402, 162, and 293); (b) two longitudinal samples (repeated measures at least 6 years apart, Ns = 268 and 82); and (c) within-cohort comparisons of men born in the same period, but tested at different times. The results were essentially the same for the age differences, age changes, and estimates of age changes based upon within-cohort differences. Increases in errors were small for the young groups, moderate for the men in their 50s and 60s, and substantial for the men over 70. WAIS Vocabulary measures for these same samples showed small cross-sectional differences favoring the older men, no overall longitudinal change but small relative deficits for the older participants, and small declines in estimates of age changes based upon comparisons of independent samples born during the same period. In general, the results indicate age declines in memory-for-designs performance for men particularly late in life, but only small (if any) age declines in vocabulary for the same samples. No correlation was found in either longitudinal sample between change in memory performance and change in vocabularly score.
Adult↗
A practical guide to reality orientation: a treatment approach for confusion and disorientation.
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Adult↗
Lipid metabolism is a key central, systemic and gut microbial feature of the decline in rat hippocampal function during middle age.
Middle age is emerging as a turning point in brain ageing, prognostic of future cognitive health and amenable to intervention. Metabolic and proteomic differences during this period are not yet fully understood and may potentially influence functions of the hippocampus, a brain area that regulates memory and anxiety. While the gut microbiota is implicated in brain ageing, the relationship between the gut microbiota, the metabolic state, and hippocampal proteome in middle age has not been investigated. We hypothesise that peripheral metabolic or protein features are associated with hippocampal vulnerability in middle age. Therefore, young adult and middle-aged rats were assessed for behavioural, proteomic, metabolic, and gut microbiota differences. Proteomic profiling of the hippocampus revealed differential expression of proteins indicative of altered synaptic signalling. Concurrently, adult hippocampal neurogenesis was decreased in middle age. Hippocampal microglia exhibited a lipid rich, inflammatory phenotype in middle age which correlated with poorer memory performance. CSF and serum proteomic and metabolomic analyses identified dysregulated lipid-related pathways potentially contributing to hippocampal vulnerability in middle age. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed reduced abundance of bacteria involved in lipid metabolism regulation. However, faecal microbiota transfer from young to middle aged rats was not sufficient to robustly improve hippocampus-dependent spatial memory. Together, these findings highlight dysfunctional lipid metabolism as a key feature of middle age that may contribute to decline in hippocampal function. Given that the scope for intervention is limited during older age, targeting biomarkers involved in metabolic and lipid homeostasis may be pivotal for the development of pharmacological or lifestyle-based interventions during middle age which could ultimately delay future cognitive ageing.
Animals↗
Synaptic protein CSF levels relate to memory scores in individuals without dementia.
BACKGROUND: We investigated how cerebrospinal fluid levels of synaptic proteins associate with memory function in normal cognition (CN) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and investigated the effect of amyloid positivity on these associations. METHODS: We included 242 CN (105(43%) abnormal amyloid), and 278 MCI individuals (183(66%) abnormal amyloid) from the European Medical Information Framework for Alzheimer's Disease Multimodal Biomarker Discovery (EMIF-AD MBD) and the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). For 181 (EMIF-AD MBD) and 36 (ADNI) proteins with a synaptic annotation in SynGO, associations with word learning recall were analysed with linear models. RESULTS: Subsets of synaptic proteins showed lower levels with worse recall in preclinical AD (EMIF-AD MBD: 7, ADNI: 5 proteins, none overlapping), prodromal AD (EMIF-AD MBD only, 27 proteins) and non-AD MCI (EMIF-AD MBD: 1, ADNI: 7 proteins). The majority of these associations were specific to these clinical groups. CONCLUSIONS: Synaptic disturbance-related memory impairment occurred very early in AD, indicating it may be relevant to develop therapies targeting the synapse early in the disease.
Humans↗
Comprehension and memory of prose materials by young and old adults.
Twenty-seven young (X- = 27.3 years) and twenty-seven old (X- = 67.7 years) female volunteers participated in a study of the effect of vocabulary level upon memory and comprehension of prose materials. Comprehension was measured by presenting five multiple choice questions simultaneously with half of the prose passages. Memory was measured with the rest of the materials by presenting questions only after a passage was completed and removed from sight. The results indicated that age-related differences varied inversely with vocabulary levels but did not interact with type of task. No significant differences were found between age groups at the highest vocabulary level. The parallel findings for the two tasks suggest that inadequate comprehension represents one major factor underlying age-related differences in the retention of meaningful materials. A second memory task, not dependent upon accuracy of comprehension, indicated age-related differences at all vocabulary levels. This suggests that old adults may also hve deficits in the ability to maintain in store and/or retrieve meaningful materials.
Adult↗