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At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Beyond nature and culture: a note on medicine in the age of molecular biology.

This paper is divided into two parts. In the first, I examine the relations among molecular biology, gene technology, and medicine, as well as some aspects of the consequences of these relations with respect to the human genome project. I argue that the prevailing momentum of early molecular biology resided in creating the technical means for an extracellular representation of intracellular configurations. As such, its medical impact was rather limited. With the advent of recombinant DNA technologies, a radical change of perspective ensued. The momentum of gene technology is based on the prospects of an intracellular representation of extracellular projects--the "rewriting" of life. Its medical impact is potentially unlimited. In the second part, I question the very opposition between nature and culture that implicitly underlies the notion of medicine as a "cultural system." I argue that both on a macroscopic level (global ecological changes) and on a microscopic level (genetic engineering), the "natural" and the "social" are no longer to be seen as ontologically different. In its uncanny oscillation between retrospection and foresight, between description and proclamation, and between assertion and hesitatiion, this essay translates an uneasiness that I have not been able to overcome while writing it. The essay conveys the tangled views of a hybrid author who himself cannot but oscillate between the perspectives of an actor in the field of molecular biology, a participant in the field of science studies, and a citizen.

Genetic Therapy↗
PubMed2003

Science and community psychology: social norms for pluralistic inquiry.

The concept of "science" linked to the concept of "community psychology" requires adaptation. In the case of community psychology, science is public to citizens as well as to the scientist. The community psychologist, as scientist, works from the expectation that choices of topics, methods, and interpretation of findings are done in concert with representatives of the community. The following remarks offer 7 ways to keep vital the research of the community psychologist while contributing to robust and useful knowledge.

Community Mental Health Services↗
PubMed2004

Instructors' practices in and attitudes toward teaching ethics in the genetics classroom.

There is strong consensus among educators that training in the ethical and social consequences of science is necessary for the development of students into the science professionals and well-rounded citizens needed in the future. However, this part of the curriculum is not a major focus of most science departments and it is not clear if, or how, students receive this training. To determine the current status of bioethics education of undergraduate biology students in the United States, we surveyed instructors of introductory genetics. We found that there was support for more ethics education both in the general curriculum and in the genetics classroom than is currently being given. Most instructors devote <5% of class time to ethical and social issues in their genetics courses. The majority feels that this is inadequate treatment of these topics and most cited lack of time as a major reason they were unable to give more attention to bioethics. We believe biology departments should take the responsibility to ensure that their students are receiving a balanced education. Undergraduate students should be adequately trained in ethics either within their science courses or in a specialized course elsewhere in the curriculum.

Genetics↗
PubMed2000

Transforming science curricula in higher education: feminist contributions.

Feminist contributions to the science curricula in higher education constitute invaluable but often overlooked resources for truly effective communication about science. Here I share a sampling of feminist science studies and discuss the origins of this effort to create inclusive and less biased science curricula that serve all students and citizens. Challenges from scientists center on assumptions and values about the appropriate relationship between science and politics, while challenges from educators extend to assumptions about how science has been taught. Currently, national and local curriculum transformation efforts are producing useful insights and materials.

Communication↗
PubMed2002

Law, psychology, and the "new sciences": rethinking mental illness and dangerousness.

Clinical and legal research on the meaning of mental illness and on definitions (and predictions) of dangerousness continue to offer the mental health law arena mostly disappointing results. In this article, the authors argue that much of this failure is linked to the prevailing Newtonian paradigm of cause-effect relationships, linear logic, and absolute order. In its place, the authors draw attention to the "new sciences"; that is, advances generated from quantum physics and chaos theory. To situate the analysis, the authors explore how psycholegal decision making unfolds. Specifically, the authors examine what contributions the new sciences offer society on the nature and meaning of psychiatric disorder and on the forecasting of violence. Along the way, the authors suggest how the new sciences advance the regard for citizen justice within the domain of mental health law.

Attitude↗
PubMed2003

[T. I. Eroshevskii--founder of the Sarmarsk school of ophthalmology].

June 26 is the 100 anniversary of Professor T.I. Yeroshevsky--the Hero of socialist Work, the winner of the USSR State Premium, the correspondent of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, the Honoured Scientist of the RSFSR, the Honoured Citizen of Kuibyshev (nowdays--Samara) and Gurkovo of the Bulgarian National Republic. His talent sa a innovator in science, a brilliant teacher, a talented clinician and one of the best organizers was shown in the full during the Samara period of his life. The All-Russia conference of ophthalmologists, two Volga region conferences on glaucoma were held in Kuibyshev. T.I. Yeroshevsky took part in the work of international ophthalmologists congresses in Leipzig and Canada, Kabul and Prague, Cairo and Bagdad, Mexico City and Sofia. All this contributed to the popularity and authority of T.I. Yeroshevsky and the unique union of the ophthalmic hospital with a faculty and problem laboratory. It was the first specialised ophthalmic complex in Russian Federation. Being a remarkable teacher, He trained more than a thousand students--the future doctors. More than 70 doctoral and candidate thesis were carried out and defended under his guidance. T.I. Yerosevsky's scientific interests were very diverse. He started his way in science from the research of transplantation of cornea and he devoted to it his doctoral thesis. The study of primary glaucoma was very significant in his research work. His clinic was one of the first in this country to introduce the photocoagulation of retina. At the beginning of the 1980s it introduced the laser surgery and therapy of various eye diseases. Kuibyshev clinic was also one of the first to master cataract cryoextraction and soon it reached the best results in the world in this direction. The regional clinic ophthalmic hospital, the faculty and problem laboratory are scientific centre of this country, it can be proved by 15 digests of scientific works issued under T.I. Yeroshevsky's edition the republic congress and all-Union ophthalmologist conferences held since 1952. This remarkable tradition is kept nowadays.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

Food labeling: trans fatty acids in nutrition labeling, nutrient content claims, and health claims. Final rule.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is amending its regulations on nutrition labeling to require that trans fatty acids be declared in the nutrition label of conventional foods and dietary supplements on a separate line immediately under the line for the declaration of saturated fatty acids. This action responds, in part, to a citizen petition from the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI). This rule is intended to provide information to assist consumers in maintaining healthy dietary practices. Those sections of the proposed rule pertaining to the definition of nutrient content claims for the "free" level of trans fatty acids and to limits on the amounts of trans fatty acids wherever saturated fatty acid limits are placed on nutrient content claims, health claims, and disclosure and disqualifying levels are being withdrawn. Further, the agency is withdrawing the proposed requirement to include a footnote stating: "Intake of trans fat should be as low as possible." Issues related to the possible use of a footnote statement in conjunction with the trans fat label declaration or in the context of certain nutrient content and health claims that contain messages about cholesterol-raising fats in the diet are now the subject of an advance notice of proposed rulemaking (ANPRM) which is published elsewhere in this issue of the Federal Register.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1993

[Congenital malformations: care or predict?].

Spectacular scientific and technological advances made in the last decade have had such a profound impact on biological and medical science that they have dramatically modified the citizen's behaviour concerning life events, especially congenital malformation. Prenatal diagnosis (PND) leads to do the diagnosis of almost all fetal internal and external malformations. The matter is, not only to care, but, first to know. The positive efficiency of PND is sometimes preparing the best cares and, of course, to recognize many severe anomalies postnatally diagnosed before PND time, and carrying wellknown 50% rate mortality by neo-natal surgery. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia is pointed out as a good example of it, and of hopes and disappointing in utero foetal surgery. New protocol of assessment of fetal renal function is an appreciated method to do prognosis of some fetal uropathies before late in utero drainage, for a short time waiting for necessary maturation of lungs allowing premature delivery. The possibility to do PND of small and benign malformation leads to ask for the question of utility of to know. In spite of the respect of quality of life, can we really allow this type of human selection to be made? The next knowledges of the human genoma map bring us into the predictive medicine. Using "compulsory" PND is a real risk to practice dangerously, a soft eugenism. PND must be, and remain an outstanding advance to provide better treatment.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed2005

Enhancing the role of science in the decision-making of the European Union.

Used well, science provides effective ways of identifying potential risks, protecting citizens, and using resources wisely. It enables government decisions to be based on evidence and provides a foundation for a rule-based framework that supports global trade. To ensure that the best available science becomes a key input in the decisions made by EU institutions, this abridged version of a working paper produced for the European Policy Centre, a leading, independent think tank, considers how science is currently used in the policy and decision-making processes of the EU, what the limitations of scientific evidence are, and how a risk assessment process based on scientific 'good practices' can be advantageous. Finally, the paper makes recommendations on how to improve the use of science by EU institutions.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2005

Turning science to account: Chicago and the general science movement in secondary education, 1905-1920.

In the second decade of the twentieth century a new subject appeared in American high schools, aimed at providing citizens with an understanding of the essential nature of scientific thinking. "General science," as it was called, was developed and promoted by an emerging class of professional educators who sought to offer a version of science that they believed would both excite public interest and prove useful in the everyday lives of the masses of students streaming into the rapidly expanding institution of secondary education. It was to be a course with real utility that would transcend the boundaries of the specialized, abstract disciplinary subjects like chemistry and physics-subjects with identities tied to the practices and standards of the colleges and universities, which had long exerted control over the content of secondary schooling. This essay recounts the origins of general science and, in particular, examines how the intellectual and material environment of the city of Chicago at the turn of the century influenced the course that was produced and widely adopted in school programs across the United States.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Consumer concerns about modern technology in agriculture: considerations for undergraduate and graduate teaching.

A number of events over the last several decades have sensitized society to the possible negative impacts of technology. The majority of our population is one or more generations removed from direct experience on farms and ranches. Thus, few individuals are aware of the dramatic changes that have occurred in agriculture. Since the establishment of the land-grant university system, agriculture in the United States has changed from a system employing 10 million farmers and farm workers each feeding five people to a system in which 2.1 million farmers feed more than 100 people each and support exports of more than $35 billion annually. There are perceptions, as well as survey data, indicating society is concerned about the use and impacts of technology in the food and agriculture system. Survey data indicate 87% of people disagreed that "economic growth is more important than environmental protection." In addition, the survey data indicate society is concerned about how technology is used and who decides which applications are to be pursued. More than 8 out of 10 people (85%) surveyed believed "citizens deserve a greater role in decisions about science and technology." There seems to be concern regarding the use of technology and resultant impacts on the environment, food safety, animal well-being, and the size and numbers of farms in the United States. Education, both formal and informal, is the key to helping the public make informed decisions regarding the role of science and technology in the food and agriculture system. The colleges of agriculture need to carefully evaluate their research, teaching, and extension portfolios to "rediscover" their mission.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Agriculture↗