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PubMed1999

[Concept formation and space perception in the blind--a summary of behavioral psychological studies].

Blindness entails an altered situation in the areas of information intake and processing concerning the aspects of perception, inter alia spatial, and concept formation. Numerous individual factors, such as life age, age at blindness onset, and occupational biography, constitute additional influences on the above cognitive faculties. A range of different study modules were used in seeking to obtain generally valid evidence relative to spatial perception and concept formation. The study overall had been directed at devising didactic and learning tools towards specific programme components. To illustrate potential applications of the study findings, the article briefly outlines a music programme guide intended for parents of blind, and possibly multi-handicapped, pre-school children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Identity concept formation during visual multiple-choice matching in a harbor seal (Phoca vitulina).

Identity concept formation was tested in a harbor seal using a visual multiple-choice matching-to-sample task. The seal was first trained on a two-alternative matching task. After criterion (> or =80% correct choices in two successive sessions) was reached with two sets of two stimuli (Figure 3, Blocks A and B), stimulus sets were enlarged to six objects (Blocks C-G). After the seal reached criterion immediately with two successive sets (Blocks F and G), multiple-choice matching was introduced, first using stimulus sets of four familiar objects (Blocks H-M). After the seal reached the criterion immediately with two successive sets (Blocks L and M), completely new objects were used in two further stimulus sets (Blocks N and O). The seal immediately applied the matching rule in all four sessions (> or =80% correct choices). In two further sessions with problems composed of all 38 familiar stimuli, the seal again reached the criterion (Block P). In the final, transfer session, 20 new problems were composed of 80 unknown stimuli (Block Q). The seal immediately applied the matching rule in these one-trial tests, showing that harbor seals can conceptualize complex visual information.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Sequential concept formation capacity in subclinical (latent) portal-systemic encephalopathy.

A card sorting task measuring sequential concept formation capacity was administered to a group of patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis and to a group of normal controls. Hepatic disease subjects did not differ from normal controls in abstraction ability as measured in this study, suggesting that not all higher cognitive functions are impaired in persons with subclinical PSE.

Adult↗
PubMed1970

Concept formation.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Concept Formation↗
PubMed1990

A comparison of concept formation strategies in pattern recognition tasks.

We used two experiments to explore the effects of two kinds of strategies (nonanalytic and analytic) in concept formation. In Experiment 1, nonsense shapes were used as stimuli, which created ill-defined categories of concepts to be discovered by the subjects. In Experiment 2, highly recognizable geometrical patterns were used as stimuli, hereby placing an emphasis on the identification of highly salient categories of concepts. Subjects were better able to classify stimuli correctly in both experiments relying on memory (nonanalytic strategy) than on rule learning (analytic strategy). Here we discuss implications of nonanalytic strategy for understanding the nature of creativity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Concept formation vs. logistic regression: predicting death in trauma patients.

This study compares two classification models used to predict survival of injured patients entering the emergency department. Concept formation is a machine learning technique that summarizes known examples cases in the form of a tree. After the tree is constructed, it can then be used to predict the classification of new cases. Logistic regression, on the other hand, is a statistical model that allows for a quantitative relationship for a dichotomous event with several independent variables. The outcome (dependent) variable must have only two choices, e.g. does or does not occur, alive or dead, etc. The result of this model is an equation which is then used to predict the probability of class membership of a new case. The two models were evaluated on a trauma registry database composed of information on all trauma patients admitted in 1992 to a Level I trauma center. A total of 2155 records. representing all trauma patients admitted for more than 24 h or who died in the Emergency Department, were grouped into two databases as follows: (1) discharge status of 'died' (containing 151 records), and (2) any discharge status other than 'died' (containing 2004 records). Both databases contained the same variables.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1979

Schematic concept formation: psychophysical analysis of early reading skill.

The relation between the perception of class structure and reading skill was studied within the context of a schematic concept-formation task. Computer generation techniques were utilized to construct visual pattern-classification problems with controlled levels of inter-class pattern similarity of class discrimination difficulty. Children with reading problems were less efficient in their ability to assign patterns to classes than were children without reading problems. It was possible to assess reliably individual subjects' reading skill on the basis of their ability to perform the task.

Child↗
PubMed1988

Event-related EEG-spectra in a concept formation task.

Event-related spectra of short EEG epochs were investigated in a concept formation paradigm. In this task, subjects had to learn to transform letters into Morse codes. Related to a resting state, cognitive performance in this learning task was characterized (i) by an increased mean power density (MPD) within the Theta frequency band (theta) in recordings over the frontal lobes and (ii) by a reduced Alpha (alpha) MPD in all recording sites. The performance-related increase of the theta-MPD, as obtained in left frontolateral and frontomedial recordings, separated (i) the learning task from an appropriate control and (ii) a group of successful learners from a group which performed less efficiently. MPDs of the alpha- and the delta-(Delta) frequency band did not differ between tasks and groups. A consistent finding in the learning tasks was a temporal dissociation of performance-related alpha-attenuation between parietal and frontal recordings: in the period preceding the presentation of the informative stimuli, the alpha-rhythm is attenuated especially at parietal recordings, whereas in frontal recordings, alpha-attenuation accompanied information processing and response selection.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

The California Card Sorting Test may dissociate verbal and non-verbal concept formation abilities.

Most neuropsychological measures of executive function provide only global indices of performance and are relatively insensitive to lateralized dysfunction. The present paper presents a right temporal lobectomy patient whose performance indicates that the California Card Sorting Test, a new measure of executive function, may dissociate verbal and non-verbal concept formation abilities. This case highlights the potential research and clinical value of this test compared to that of existing tests of executive function.

Adult↗