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Results for “CONCEPT FORMATION”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

Abstract reasoning in autism: a dissociation between concept formation and concept identification.

The concept identification and concept formation aspects of abstract reasoning were examined in 90 nonmentally retarded individuals with autism and 107 normal controls. It was hypothesized that pronounced deficits would be found on concept formation tests, whereas performance on concept identification tests would be relatively intact. There was a significant difference between individuals with autism and individuals from a matched control group on all abstract reasoning tasks, but, with the exception of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (R. K. Heaton et al., 1993), differences on concept identification tests were not clinically significant. Factor analyses showed that concept formation and concept identification tasks loaded on separate factors in the autism group but not in the control group. Stepwise discriminant function analyses revealed that 2 tests of concept formation correctly classified 78.4% of cases, whereas concept identification tasks did not pass the tolerance test.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Parkinsonism: effects of levodopa treatment on concept formation.

Concept formation was compared in 71 parkinsonian patients and 35 controls matched for age and WAIS vebal IQ. It was found that the patients formed significantly fewer concepts, as measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The patients had difficulties in shifting sets and were unable to attend to the completion of a concept. Levodopa-treated patients were able to produce more correct responses, but were still unable to maintain the correct responses to produce more correct concepts than non-levodopa-treated patients. The behavior of the parkinsonian patients on the WCST is similar to that of patients who have undergone frontal lobectomy. In addition, the results indicate that levodopa therapy may improve "vigilance", without increasing the patient's overall cognitive ability.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMed1999

Concept formation and concept shifting in frontal lesion and Parkinson's disease patients assessed with the California Card Sorting Test.

Concept formation and shifting abilities of 17 frontal lesion (FL) and 8 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients were assessed with the California Card Sorting Test. FL patients demonstrated a significantly greater number of perseverative responses and deficits in strategy planning, strategy initiation, and concept formation and did not benefit from abstract cues in comparison with their matched normal control (NC) participants. PD patients also demonstrated an increased number of perseverative responses under selected conditions in comparison with their matched NCs, but their ability to explain their sorts, to extract and express the sorting principles, and to sort with the help of abstract and concrete cues depended on their general cognitive status.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The relationship between individual differences in defensive style and concept formation.

The relationship between defensive style and concept formation with aggressive and neutral stimuli was investigated. Very strong relationships were found between the use of avoidant and repressive defenses and the number of errors made in acquiring and utilizing an aggressive concept. This relationship was not found for the neutral concept. The results suggest the importance of directing attention to the relevant stimulus dimension in efficient concept formation. Insofar as defensive style involves a particular way of deploying attention (e.g. avoidance of a particular content) and insofar as the affective nature of the stimulus material lends itself to the elicitation of defensive reactions, individual differences in defensive style can serve as a robust predictor of efficiency of concept formation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Different underlying mechanisms for deficits in concept formation in dementia.

We investigated the different mechanisms that may underlie deficits in verbal concept formation among patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and ischaemic vascular dementia (IVD) associated with periventricular and deep white matter alterations. Concept formation was assessed with the WAIS-R Similarities subtest (SIM). Two types of errors were re-coded from the 0-point responses as scored by the WAIS-R manual. In set errors (e.g., dog-lion "they're alive") were coded when patients reported a very vague superordinate concept for the word pair. Out of set responses (e.g., dog-lion "the lion roars and the dog barks") were coded when a response was clearly out of mental set, i.e., when participants were unable to provide a superordinate concept for the word pair. Between-group comparisons demonstrated no difference in SIM test performance according to the scoring system described in the WAIS-R manual. Nonetheless, AD patients produced a greater proportion of in set errors, while IVD patients produced a greater proportion of out of set errors. Out of set errors were highly associated with measures of executive function, while in set errors were associated with measures related to delayed recognition memory and semantic intrusion errors. We conclude that the underlying deficits that contribute to poor concept formation differ between AD and IVD patients. In IVD impaired concept formation is related to deficits in the executive systems necessary to monitor responses and sustain mental set. In AD, by contrast, the deficit appears to be secondary to impaired verbal response selection.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Discrimination learning and concept formation in the Arabian horse.

Discrimination learning and concept formation abilities were investigated in four mature Arabian horses. A series of two-choice discrimination problems were presented on stimulus panels that could open to allow access to food bowls. Selection of the correct stimulus resulted in food reinforcement, and an incorrect choice was not rewarded. The positions of the correct and incorrect stimuli were varied randomly during each test session, and the criterion for learning each problem was 85% correct for two consecutive sessions of 30 or 40 trials. Testing progressed through six discrimination problems. The first four were simple pattern discriminations, but the last two incorporated several different triangles as correct stimuli and thus involved the concept of triangularity. Two of the subjects successfully completed only simple pattern discriminations, one showed evidence of learning in the first concept problem, and one completed all six tests, including the two concept formation problems. The results demonstrate complex pattern discrimination ability in horses, and suggest that they may also have the ability to form and use concepts in problem solving.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Learning and discovery from a clinical database: an incremental concept formation approach.

The main interest of this research is to discover clinical implications from a large PTCA (Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty) database. A case-based concept formation model D-UNIMEM, a modified version of Lebowitz's UNIMEM, is proposed for this purpose. In this model, we integrated two kinds of class memberships: the feature-disjunction class membership and the index-conjunction class membership. The former is a polythetic clustering approach and serves at the early stage of concept formation. The latter allows only relevant instances to be placed in the same cluster and serves as the later stage of concept formation. D-UNIMEM could extract interesting correlations among features from the learned concept hierarchy.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2004

Concept formation: 'object' attributes dynamically inhibited from conscious awareness.

We advance a dominant neural strategy for facilitating conceptual thought. Concepts are groupings of "object" attributes. Once the brain learns such critical groupings, the "object" attributes are inhibited from conscious awareness. We see the whole, not the parts. The details are inhibited when the concept network is activated, ie. the inhibition is dynamic and can be switched on and off. Autism is suggested to be the state of retarded concept formation. Our model predicts the possibility of accessing nonconscious information by artificially disinhibiting (turning off) the inhibiting networks associated with concept formation, using transcranial magnetic brain stimulation (TMS). For example, this opens the door for the restoration of perfect pitch, for recalling detail, for acquiring accent-free second languages beyond puberty, and even for enhancing creativity. The model further shows how unusual autistic savant skills as well as certain psychopathologies can be due respectively to privileged or inadvertent access to information that is normally inhibited from conscious awareness.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Physiognomic perception and flexibility of concept formation.

40 junior high school boys were rated as high or low physiognomic and administered a flexibility of concept-formation task. Results supported the hypothesis that those individuals who demonstrated higher physiognomic perception would show greater flexibility in concept formation. The demonstrated relationship is evidence for the role of physiognomic perception as a cognitive control principle.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Neuropsychological characteristics of right hemisphere damage: investigation by attention tests, concept formation and change test, and self-evaluation task.

Neuropsychological characteristics of right (non-dominant) hemisphere damage were investigated by attention tests, a concept formation and change test, and a self-evaluation task on a total of 126 brain damaged subjects (66 right hemisphere damaged and 60 left hemisphere damaged). Common response patterns specific to subjects with right hemisphere lesions were studied by three attention tests (audio-motor method, cancellation test, and set dependent activity test). Those with right hemisphere lesions showed a large number of responses (excessive response) and low proportion of correct responses (low hit rate, qualitative deterioration of response), indicating a tendency toward randomness. A concept formation and change test, the new modified Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, was performed to investigate the handling of higher concepts. Only the frequency of difficulty of maintaining set (DMS) was significantly higher in those with right hemisphere lesions. Problems concerning attention and attitude toward the tests, i.e. random attitude were thought to exist in those with right hemisphere damage. Self-evaluation and corrective ability were studied on the self-evaluation task using the audio-motor method. Feedback was less effective in subjects with right hemisphere lesions, and they tended to underestimate their errors. These results were consistent with personality characteristics such as the lack of a serious attitude and poor volition for treatment, which are frequently observed in clinical settings. The above are considered basic, common characteristics of right hemisphere damage. These findings may partially explain the phenomenological characteristics of right hemisphere damage described by various investigators.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Use of the Booklet Category Test to assess abstract concept formation in schizophrenic disorders.

The relationship of concept formation abilities to the presence or absence of delusions in schizophrenic disorders was investigated. Twenty-six schizophrenic patients and 14 normal individuals were administered a short form of the Booklet Category Test (BCT). Patients were grouped into those with and without delusions. It was hypothesized that the delusional group would perform significantly better on the BCT (obtain lower error scores) than the nondelusional group. Normal and delusional groups obtained significantly lower BCT error scores than the nondelusional group, even when differences in IQ scores were statistically partialled out. The two schizophrenic groups also differed significantly on BCT error scores with the delusional group performing better than the nondelusional group.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1999

[Concept formation and space perception in the blind--a summary of behavioral psychological studies].

Blindness entails an altered situation in the areas of information intake and processing concerning the aspects of perception, inter alia spatial, and concept formation. Numerous individual factors, such as life age, age at blindness onset, and occupational biography, constitute additional influences on the above cognitive faculties. A range of different study modules were used in seeking to obtain generally valid evidence relative to spatial perception and concept formation. The study overall had been directed at devising didactic and learning tools towards specific programme components. To illustrate potential applications of the study findings, the article briefly outlines a music programme guide intended for parents of blind, and possibly multi-handicapped, pre-school children.

Adolescent↗