Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “CANCER”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer: update of early detection guidelines for prostate, colorectal, and endometrial cancers. Also: update 2001--testing for early lung cancer detection.

Updates to the American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines regarding screening for the early detection of prostate, colorectal, and endometrial cancers, based on the recommendations of recent ACS workshops, are presented. Additionally, the authors review the "cancer-related check-up," clinical encounters that provide case-finding and health counseling opportunities. Finally, the ACS is issuing an updated narrative related to testing for early lung cancer detection for clinicians and individuals at high risk of lung cancer in light of emerging data on new imaging technologies. Although it is likely that current screening protocols will be supplanted in the future by newer, more effective technologies, the establishment of an organized and systematic approach to early cancer detection would lead to greater utilization of existing technology and greater progress in cancer control.

Colorectal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1992

Relative effect of steroid hormone receptors on the prognosis of patients with operable breast cancer. A univariate and multivariate analysis of 3089 Japanese patients with breast cancer from the Study Group for the Japanese Breast Cancer Society on Hormone Receptors and Prognosis in Breast Cancer.

In a retrospective multicenter study to investigate the correlation between estrogen (ER) and/or progesterone receptors (PgR) in primary breast cancer with patient prognosis, 3118 patients with operable breast cancer (International Union Against Cancer Stages I, II, and III) were investigated from ten hospitals in Japan who underwent surgery from October 1972 to December 1982; 3089 were evaluable. The ER-positive and PgR-positive cancers were found in 56% and 34% of patients, respectively. The positivities decreased as the tumor size increased but were independent on lymph node metastasis. There were no significant differences in relapse-free survival (RFS) in relation to receptor status (median follow-up, 89 months [ER], 84 months [PgR]). However, in patients with four or more positive nodes, those with PgR-positive cancer had a longer RFS. The patients with ER-positive cancer survived significantly longer than ER-negative ones, with the greatest difference seen in those with four or more positive nodes. There was a significantly longer postrelapse survival (PRS) for patients with ER-positive cancer because of the different distribution of the major metastasis and better responses to first-line and subsequent treatments. Cox's multivariate analysis showed that overall survival but not PRS was affected by ER (and more weakly by PgR) because of the longer PRS in patients with ER-positive cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

EUROSCAN, a randomized trial of vitamin A and N-acetylcysteine in patients with head and neck cancer or lung cancer. For the EUropean Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Head and Neck and Lung Cancer Cooperative Groups.

BACKGROUND: Preclinical evidence suggests that retinoids and antioxidants may prevent or delay the occurrence of cancer in the upper or lower airways, but such effects have not been reliably established in clinical studies. To assess the chemopreventive effects of vitamin A (retinyl palmitate) and N-acetylcysteine, we conducted a large randomized intervention study in patients with head and neck cancer or with lung cancer, most of whom had a history of smoking. METHODS: From June 1988 through July 1994, a total of 2592 patients (60% with head and neck cancer and 40% with lung cancer) were randomly assigned to receive 1) retinyl palmitate (300000 IU daily for 1 year followed by 150000 IU for a 2(nd) year), 2) N-acetylcysteine (600 mg daily for 2 years), 3) both compounds, or 4) no intervention. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS: Of the patients, 93.5% had smoked tobacco at sometime in their lives (and 25% continued to smoke after cancer diagnosis). After a median follow-up of 49 months, 916 patients were reported with an event (recurrence, second primary tumor, or death). No statistically significant difference was observed in overall survival or event-free survival between patients who received retinyl palmitate and patients who did not. Similarly, no difference was seen in overall survival or event-free survival between patients who received N-acetylcysteine and patients who did not. There was a lower incidence of second primary tumors in the no intervention arm, but the difference was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: A 2-year supplementation of retinyl palmitate and/or N-acetylcysteine resulted in no benefit-in terms of survival, event-free survival, or second primary tumors-for patients with head and neck cancer or with lung cancer, most of whom were previous or current smokers.

Acetylcysteine↗
PubMed2002

[Synchronous triple urogenital cancer (renal cancer, bladder cancer, prostatic cancer): a case report].

A case of synchronous triple urogenital cancer, which was comprised of renal cell carcinoma of the left kidney, transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, and adenocarcinoma of the prostate, is reported. A 72-year-old Japanese male patient was referred to our outpatient clinic with the complaint of asymptomatic hematuria. At that time, his serum of level of PSA was elevated to 20 ng/ml. Cystourethroscopy showed a papillary bladder tumor and coagula through the left urinary orifice. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging showed a mass lesion measuring about 6 cm by 5 cm in the left kidney. Angiography showed a hypervascular lesion measuring about 6 cm by 5 cm at the same site. Double cancer, consisting of renal cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder, was suspected and we performed left total nephroureterectomy, hilar lymphadenectomy, and transurethral rection of the bladder tumor, one month later. At the same time, we performed a biopsy of the prostate. Histological diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder. Histological diagnosis of the prostate biopsy was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Since this case fulfilled the criteria of Warren and Gates, it was classified as synchronous triple urogenital cancer. A review of the literature revealed 17 authentic cases of triple urogenital cancer, of which 14 and 10 cases were reported as a combination of renal cancer, bladder cancer and prostatic cancer, in the world and in Japan, respectively. Furthermore, he had been exposed to the atomic bomb explosion in Hiroshima in 1945. This carcinogenic precursor may be related to the development of the triple cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1994

Phase II studies of Elsamitrucin in breast cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer. EORTC Early Clinical Trials Group.

PURPOSE: To test the antitumor activity of Elsamitrucin in metastatic cancer of the breast, colon and rectum, non-small cell lung and ovary. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eligibility required histologically proven cancer. Patients with colorectal or non-small cell lung cancer could not have received prior chemotherapy. Patients were entered if WHO PS was < or = 2 and organ functions were normal. Treatment consisted of Elsamitrucin 25 mg/m2/week given as a 5-10 min infusion for at least 3-6 weekly doses. RESULTS: One hundred and five patients entered the studies, 97 were eligible, 94 are evaluable for toxicity and 75 for response. Toxicity mainly consisted of mild nausea/vomiting, and less frequently reversible hepatotoxicity and malaise. No objective responses were seen. CONCLUSION: Elsamitrucin at this dose and schedule is not an active drug in metastatic breast cancer, colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer or ovarian cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Hormone replacement therapy after a diagnosis of breast cancer: cancer recurrence and mortality.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after treatment for breast cancer is associated with increased risk of recurrence and mortality. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer and treated by five Sydney doctors between 1964 and 1999. OUTCOME MEASURES: Times from diagnosis to cancer recurrence or new breast cancer, to death from all causes and to death from primary tumour were compared between women who used HRT for menopausal symptoms after diagnosis and those who did not. Relative risks (RRs) were determined from Cox regression analyses, adjusted for patient and tumour characteristics. RESULTS: 1122 women were followed up for 0-36 years (median, 6.08 years); 154 were lost to follow-up. 286 women used HRT for menopausal symptoms for up to 26 years (median, 1.75 years). Compared with non-users, HRT users had reduced risk of cancer recurrence (adjusted relative risk [RR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.87), all-cause mortality (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.19-0.59) and death from primary tumour (RR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.22-0.72). Continuous combined HRT was associated with a reduced risk of death from primary tumour (RR, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.12-0.88) and all-cause mortality (RR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.10-0.73). CONCLUSION: HRT use for menopausal symptoms by women treated for primary invasive breast cancer is not associated with an increased risk of breast cancer recurrence or shortened life expectancy.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2004

Preventing cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes: a common agenda for the American Cancer Society, the American Diabetes Association, and the American Heart Association.

Collectively, cardiovascular disease (including stroke), cancer, and diabetes account for approximately two thirds of all deaths in the United States and about 700 billion dollars in direct and indirect economic costs each year. Current approaches to health promotion and prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes do not approach the potential of the existing state of knowledge. A concerted effort to increase application of public health and clinical interventions of known efficacy to reduce prevalence of tobacco use, poor diet, and insufficient physical activity-the major risk factors for these diseases-and to increase utilization of screening tests for their early detection could substantially reduce the human and economic cost of these diseases. In this article, the ACS, ADA, and AHA review strategies for the prevention and early detection of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, as the beginning of a new collaboration among the three organizations. The goal of this joint venture is to stimulate substantial improvements in primary prevention and early detection through collaboration between key organizations, greater public awareness about healthy lifestyles, legislative action that results in more funding for and access to primary prevention programs and research, and reconsideration of the concept of the periodic medical checkup as an effective platform for prevention, early detection, and treatment.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1998

Allelic imbalance in familial and sporadic prostate cancer at the putative human prostate cancer susceptibility locus, HPC1. CRC/BPG UK Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators. Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group.

A recent report has provided strong evidence for a major prostate cancer susceptibility locus (HPC1) on chromosome 1q24-25 (Smith et al, 1996). Most inherited cancer susceptibility genes function as tumour-suppressor genes (TSGs). Allelic loss or imbalance in tumour tissue is often the hallmark of a TSG. Studies of allelic loss have not previously implicated the chromosomal region 1q24-25 in prostate cancer. However, analysis of tumour DNA from cases in prostate cancer families has not been reported. In this study, we have evaluated DNA from tissue obtained from small families [3-5 affected members (n = 17)], sibling pairs (n = 15) and sporadic (n = 40) prostate tumours using the three markers from Smith et al (1996) that defined the maximum multipoint linkage lod score. Although widely spaced (12-50 cM), each marker showed evidence of allelic imbalance in only approximately 7.5% of informative tumours. There was no difference between the familial and sporadic cases. We conclude that the incidence of allelic imbalance at HPC1 is low in both sporadic tumours and small prostate cancer families. In this group of patients, HPC1 is unlikely to be acting as a TSG in the development of prostate cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

Performance and standards for the process of head and neck cancer care: South and West audit of head and neck cancer 1996-1997 (SWAHN I). South and West Regional Cancer Organisation Tumour Panel for Head and Neck Cancer.

Evidence suggests wide variation in cancer care between different hospitals in the UK. To establish bench-marking data, we designed a prospective, 1 year regional study comparing key performance measures with established standards for the 28 hospital Trusts in the South and West of England involved in head and neck cancer care. 566 sequential patients with a newly-diagnosed head and neck cancer were included. Numbers referred and treated per hospital Trust were 1-58 and 1-65 respectively. 59% of patients received a pretreatment chest X-ray (standard 95%). 45% of patients were seen in a multidisciplinary clinic pretreatment (standard 95%), and this was proportional to the frequency of clinics held (P<0.0001). Median number of cases treated per surgeon was 4 (1-26), and by radiotherapist was 10 (1-51). Times between parts of the process of oral cancer care were closer to the standards than those for laryngeal cancer. Two patients were entered into a clinical trial. One had a quality-of-life score. Thus, in 1996-1997, in the South and West of England, there were major discrepancies between actual performance and established standards in many fundamental aspects of head and neck cancer care. Re-audit is essential to determine if the implementation of the Calman-Hine report has resulted in improvements.

Female↗
PubMed1992

Changing the cancer curriculum: a curriculum committee's response to the results of the AACE Cancer Education Survey II. Cancer Education Survey II: cancer education in United States medical schools.

The AACE Cancer Education Survey-II offers an unusual opportunity based on data from 125 medical schools and 1,035 experienced cancer educators to effect constructive change with regard to cancer education. The changes suggested include more coordination; integration; and a shift of emphasis to include more on topics of prevention, early diagnosis, tumor biology, rehabilitation, palliative care, and psychosocial issues. Ample opportunities, especially in the ambulatory care arena, exist at most medical schools, and there is a great deal of interest in improving the situation. This article reviews the factors contributing to resistance to change, the data on adult learning, and the major movements and dilemmas facing medical education today. It also discusses some of the external forces like the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) and foundation support, which are being harnessed to effect change. Given these barriers, forces, and opportunities, the article ends with a possible action plan for an individual, an institution, and national bodies interested in cancer education. The knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes must be defined, taught effectively, and evaluated. It is an opportune time, armed with this useful data, to bring about change in how cancer subjects are taught. The ultimate goal is more knowledgeable and effective practitioners and scientists who can decrease the morbidity and mortality from cancer.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1986

[Imaging diagnosis of head and neck cancer--diagnosis of laryngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the cervical esophagus by CT x-ray].

Fifty-six patients with laryngeal cancer were examined. The rate of correct diagnosis of clinical staging was 64.3%. Whereas the rate of correct diagnosis of staging by CT was markedly improved, 89.3%. In particular, CT facilitated correct diagnosis of T4. Supraglottic T3 cancer is diagnosed on the basis of deep infiltration or fixation of the hemi-larynx. Disappearance of the pre-epiglottic space or ulcer formation was recognized as a CT finding of deep infiltration. Disappearance of the paraglottic space and dislocation of the arytenoid cartilage were used as the standard for CT findings of laryngeal T3 cancer. CT allowed diagnosis to be made in 84.4% of cases which were pathologically determined to be T4. It can be said that CT is a very effective method for staging diagnosis in patients with laryngeal cancer. Fifty-seven patients with hypopharyngeal cancer and cancer of the cervical esophagus were also examined. When 40 post-surgical patients were compared according to pathological classification of T, the rate of correct diagnosis of clinical staging was 77.5% while that of staging diagnosis by CT was 82.5%. The rate of correct diagnosis by postoperative CT was 80.0% compared with the pathological determination of depth of invasion. The diagnosis of depth of invasion by CT on initial examination is thus an effective means for the determination of prognosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Home terminal care for lung cancer--subcutaneous injection with morphine hydrochloride for cancer related pain from metastatic bone cancer in a terminal lung cancer patient].

Home management for cancer-related pain in a terminal cancer patient is usually performed by oral or intrarectal administration with analgesics. If such treatment fails to reduce cancer-related pain, we have to treat them with epidural, intravenous or subcutaneous injection of these agents in some cases. We encountered a terminal lung cancer patient with metastatic bone cancer who was treated with continuous subcutaneous injection of morphine hydrochloride at home. As a result, the patient's quality of life has been remarkably improved. The management of cancer-related pain with analgesics and terminal care at home are discussed.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

Preliminary results from the cancer research campaign trial evaluating tamoxifen duration in women aged fifty years or older with breast cancer. Current Trials working Party of the Cancer Research Campaign Breast Cancer Trials Group.

BACKGROUND: Although trials of post-surgical tamoxifen therapy for patients with breast cancer have convincingly demonstrated reductions in relapse rates and improvements in survival, the optimal duration of therapy is as yet unclear. PURPOSE: Our objective is to determine whether 2 or 5 years of tamoxifen therapy (20 mg/day orally) is preferable in the treatment of patients with early breast cancer. METHODS: A randomized trial that was pragmatic in policy, allowing flexibility in primary treatment (i.e., type of surgery) and adjuvant therapy other than tamoxifen (i.e., radiotherapy or chemotherapy), was used to encourage maximum participation of clinicians and patients. This design allowed comparison of the two durations of tamoxifen therapy under conditions in which they would subsequently be applied in clinical practice. The patients were recruited from the oncology departments of participating hospitals in the U.K., Belgium, Poland, and Hong Kong. Those women who had completed an initial 2-year course of tamoxifen therapy after primary surgery and had not experienced a recurrence of breast cancer were asked to consider random assignment either to no further therapy or to an additional 3 years of tamoxifen. Follow-up reports (every 6 months for 3 years after random assignment and then annually) were required for all surviving study subjects. These reports recorded all breast cancer-related events (i.e., locoregional relapse and distant metastasis) or the development of new primary tumors (in the opposite breast or at any other site). For patients who died, the date and cause of death were recorded. Event-free survival; overall survival; and time to locoregional relapse, distant metastasis, or the development of new primary cancers were end points for the analysis. Survival comparisons were made by use of life tables and the logrank test. Reported P values are two-sided. RESULTS: By December 31, 1994, 2937 patients had accepted random assignment to treatment; 1470 were assigned to stop tamoxifen therapy after having received it for 2 years and 1467 were assigned to continue therapy for an additional 3 years (total, 5 years). An analysis was performed when the target for patient accrual had been reached, although the trial remains open. At a median follow-up of 2 years since the randomization, no difference in survival between the two treatment groups was detected (relative risk = 0.89; 95% confidence interval = 0.69-1.15), but a statistically significant delay in the time to relapse for patients receiving the longer treatment was demonstrated (relative risk = 0.81; 95% confidence interval = 0.69-0.98). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our results suggest that 5 years may be better than 2 years of tamoxifen therapy, but more evidence regarding the optimal duration of tamoxifen therapy must be obtained.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1992

Results of the Cancer Research Campaign Adjuvant Trial for Perioperative Cyclophosphamide and Long-Term Tamoxifen in Early Breast Cancer reported at the tenth year of follow-up. Cancer Research Campaign Breast Cancer Trials Group.

Over 2,000 patients with early breast cancer were recruited into a trial between 1980 and 1985. This trial was of a factorial 2 x 2 design to investigate the benefits of a short course of perioperative cyclophosphamide or tamoxifen 20 mg daily for 2 years. At the tenth year of follow-up no significant benefit is noted for perioperative cyclophosphamide, however the main effect analysis for adjuvant tamoxifen demonstrates a significant improvement in disease-free survival which increases with time during the follow-up period. These results are in keeping with the World Overview of Trials of Adjuvant Tamoxifen. However, this study is unique, having a large number of node negative patients and over 500 premenopausal women in a comparison of tamoxifen and control. The relative risk reductions for the node negative patients for disease-free survival are greater than for the node positive patients. This might suggest that the absolute benefit for adjuvant tamoxifen is similar in both groups of patients, bearing in mind the increased risk of relapse with the node positive patients. No trend for interaction emerges according to age or menopausal status suggesting an identical benefit for premenopausal women. Of particular interest is the development of contralateral breast cancer. The initial overall effect which emerged at the third year of follow-up ceases to be apparent. However, subgroup analysis according to menopausal status suggests a trend for interaction with a reduction in the risk of contralateral breast cancer in the postmenopausal women and an increase in the risk of contralateral breast cancer in premenopausal women. Plausible mechanisms exist to explain this difference in outcome and these data need to be checked against other large trials of adjuvant tamoxifen at a time when we are considering the chemoprophylaxis of breast cancer in high risk premenopausal women.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Guidelines on diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity. The American Cancer Society 1996 Advisory Committee on Diet, Nutrition, and Cancer Prevention.

The American Cancer Society periodically assembles an expert advisory committee to evaluate recent evidence and update the American Cancer Society's guidelines for diet, nutrition, and cancer prevention. This year's update presents four broad guidelines to reduce cancer risk and provides information on a wide variety of topics concerning nutrition and cancer.

Diet↗
PubMed1984

[Epidemiological studies on multiple primary cancers--observations on the second primary cancers among cervical cancer and laryngeal cancer cases].

Two epidemiological studies on multiple primary cancers were conducted. The first one was 7-9 years' follow up among cervical cancer cases (1,767 radiotherapy and 1,377 non-radiotherapy cases) registered in the Osaka Cancer Registry. The number of observed second primaries was significantly higher than the expected numbers at the rectum, bladder, lung and all sites in the radiotherapy group only. The other was a 7 years' follow up study on 532 laryngeal cancer cases. Higher incidence than expected second primaries were observed at the mouth and pharynx, esophagus and lung and all sites. The factors associated with these results were analyzed in relation to radiotherapy and smoking. Through these studies, the authors proved the usefulness of the data accumulated in a population-based cancer registry, especially in finding the multiple primaries, surveying prognosis of subjects and controls, and calculating expected numbers using the incidence data from the general population.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

American Cancer Society guidelines for screening and surveillance for early detection of colorectal polyps and cancer: update 1997. American Cancer Society Detection and Treatment Advisory Group on Colorectal Cancer.

In the past, differences in opinion among professional groups about colorectal cancer screening have been a barrier to colorectal cancer prevention. It is clear that screening for colorectal cancer is currently practiced by fewer than 20% of American adults. However, a growing consensus now exists that even though we do not yet have trial data to compare precisely the various methods for screening, there is now both a compelling case for screening and a reasonable set of methods that clinicians and patients can consider. By applying the knowledge we already have, it is likely that most of the deaths from colorectal cancer in the United States could be prevented.

Adult↗