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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Survey design and observations relating to cancer education funding. Cancer Education Survey II: cancer education in United States medical schools (conducted by The American Association for Cancer Education with the support of the American Cancer Society).

A survey has been conducted of cancer education programs for medical students in United States medical schools by the American Association for Cancer Education with grant support from the Department of Detection and Treatment of the American Cancer Society (formerly the Professional Education Department). Two questionnaires were used, an Educational Resources Questionnaire (ERQ), which 126 of the 128 medical schools completed and returned, and a Faculty and Curriculum Questionnaire (FCQ), which was completed and returned by 1,035 faculty members who had been named as active in undergraduate medical student cancer education by respondents in each school who had been designated by the Dean's Office to complete the ERQ. Overall conclusions included: (1) increased coordination of cancer education activities is a major need in many schools; (2) there is widespread interest in the further development of cancer education objectives; (3) development of a national cancer education curriculum is needed; (4) there is interest in the development of improved instructional materials and methods; (5) development of evaluation methods is needed for cancer education programs; and (6) an ongoing funding process is needed to provide support for interdepartmental coordination of cancer education activities. Cancer prevention and detection topics were ranked above cancer treatment in plans for future curriculum emphasis. More detailed conclusions and recommendations are provided in this publication and three subsequent articles in this issue of the Journal of Cancer Education.

American Cancer Society↗
PubMed1996

The National Cancer Data Base report on completeness of American Joint Committee on Cancer staging in United States cancer facilities. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society.

BACKGROUND: American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging is increasingly accepted as a prognostic standard for cancer management. The Commission on Cancer requires approved cancer programs to use AJCC staging for all cancers. Previous studies document increasing use of AJCC staging by hospitals with cancer programs. This review examines programmatic and clinical factors affecting AJCC staging completeness. METHODS: The data are registry records submitted to the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) for cases diagnosed during 1993 or, for comparison, 1988. RESULTS: The mean facility staging rate was 87% in 1993, up from 65% in 1988. Approximately 64% of facilities staged greater than 90% of their stageable cases; 3% staged less than 5%. Even facilities with "complete" staging implementation were unable to stage substantial portions of some sites. Accessibility of tumor and overall prognosis affected the choice between pathologic and clinical staging. Staging completeness and the mix of pathologic and clinical staging also differed by state of the reporting facility. CONCLUSIONS: AJCC staging use is high among common tumors for which treatment is dependent upon stage of disease. However, if accurate staging is not expected to affect the treatment or outcome of the case or the overall outcome is poor, staging is less frequently recorded.

Cancer Care Facilities↗
PubMed1990

The association of selected cancers with service in the US military in Vietnam. III. Hodgkin's disease, nasal cancer, nasopharyngeal cancer, and primary liver cancer. The Selected Cancers Cooperative Study Group.

As part of a series of investigations into the health of Vietnam veterans, we conducted case-control studies involving 310 men with Hodgkin's disease, 48 with nasal carcinoma, 80 with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 130 with primary liver cancer, and 1776 controls between 1984 and 1988. All men born between 1929 and 1953 and diagnosed in an area covered by eight cancer registries were considered eligible as cases; controls were recruited by random-digit dialing. Whereas the study had excellent power (96%) to detect a twofold increase in risk for Hodgkin's disease among Vietnam veterans, its ability to detect a similarly elevated risk in the other cancers was limited, ranging from 38% (nasal carcinoma) to 75% (primary liver cancer). Analyses showed that risks among Vietnam veterans relative to other men were 1.1 (Hodgkin's disease), 0.7 (nasal carcinoma), 0.5 (nasopharyngeal carcinoma), and 1.2 (primary liver cancer). None of these relative risks was significantly different from 1.0. Similar results were obtained if Vietnam veterans were compared with (1) other veterans or (2) men who never served in the military. An examination of several attributes of military service in Vietnam (eg, branch, duration of service, and other characteristics that may have been associated with the use of Agent Orange) failed to identify any groups of veterans who were at increased risk for Hodgkin's disease. Small numbers limited further analyses of nasal, nasopharyngeal, and liver cancer. These results provide no evidence that, 15 to 25 years following service in Vietnam, the risk of these malignant neoplasms is higher among veterans.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Microsatellite instability and hMSH2 gene mutation in a triple cancer (colon cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer) patient in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) kindred.

A patient who had triple cancer (colon cancer, endometrial cancer, and ovarian cancer) in HNPCC kindred is reported. Her family history revealed the occurrence of colon cancer in her paternal aunt and in two cousins, fulfilling the minimum HNPCC criteria. Microsatellite instability analysis revealed replication error (RER)+ in all cancer lesions at 2 microsatellite loci (D1S191, BAT 40). SSCP analysis suggested germline mutation in exon 2 of the hMSH2 gene. This case showed the importance of complete family-history investigations to identify HNPCC patients. In the near future, definitive diagnosis of HNPCC will be possible on the basis of DNA studies.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2004

Frequencies of poor metabolizers of cytochrome P450 2C19 in esophagus cancer, stomach cancer, lung cancer and bladder cancer in Chinese population.

AIM: To investigate the association between cytochrome P450 2C19 (CYP2C19) gene polymorphism and cancer susceptibility by genotyping of CYP2C19 poor metabolizers (PMs) in cancer patients. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-five cases of esophagus cancer, 148 cases of stomach cancer, 212 cases of lung cancer, 112 cases of bladder cancer and 372 controls were genotyped by allele specific amplification-polymerase chain reaction (ASA-PCR) for CYP2C19 PMs. The frequencies of PMs in cancer groups and control group were compared. RESULTS: The frequencies of PMs of CYP2C19 were 34.1%(46/135) in the group of esophagus cancer patients, 31.8%(47/148) in the stomach cancer patients, 34.4%(73/212) in the group of lung cancer patients, only 4.5%(5/112) in the bladder cancer patients and 14.0%(52/372) in control group. There were statistical differences between the cancer groups and control group (esophagus cancer, chi(2)=25.65, P<0.005, OR=3.18, 95%CI=2.005-5.042; stomach cancer, chi(2)=21.70, P<0.005, OR=2.86, 95%CI=1.820-4.501; lung cancer, chi(2)=33.58, P<0.005, OR=3.23, 95%CI=1.503-6.906; bladder cancer, chi(2)=7.50, P<0.01, OR=0.288, 95%CI=0.112-0.740). CONCLUSION: CYP2C19 PMs have a high incidence of esophagus cancer, stomach cancer and lung cancer, conversely they have a low incidence of bladder cancer. It suggests that CYP2C19 may participate in the activation of procarcinogen of esophagus cancer, stomach cancer and lung cancer, but may involve in the detoxification of carcinogens of bladder cancer.

Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interrelation between western type cancers and non-western type cancers as regards their risk variations in time and space. III. A contrast between bladder cancer and stomach cancer.

The present study attempted to get insight into the etiology of bladder cancer by investigating the relation of this neoplasia to other 4 cancers as regards their risk variations in time and space. The results obtained are as follows: 1) Caucasians in Western countries were more inclined to develop bladder cancer than other ethnic groups, as compared among 43 population units of the world in terms of the age-adjusted incidence rate (AAIR). 2) In the same 43 comparison sets, male populations were always higher than female populations in their bladder cancer risks. The male to female ratio for the majority of the populations ranged from 3 to 4. In some population units, the ratios were much higher. In both male and female populations, the cancer risk increased with age. 3) Bladder cancer incidence in the world has been rising during the past 20 years, as detected in the follow-up study of 16 population units. 4) A negative linear relationship was detected for both sexes between bladder cancer and stomach cancer (non-Western type) regarding their log-transformed AAIRs, as calculated with data of the same 16 population units from 1960 through 1980. The same calculation with the esophagus cancer-bladder cancer pair gave marginally negative and no correlations respectively in the male and female populations. A positive linear relationship was detected in the comparison of bladder cancer with 2 Western type cancers (cancers of the colon and lung). 5) Japanese immigrants to the US were just in between Whites in the US (high-risk populations) and native Japanese (low-risk populations) in their bladder cancer risks. The same Japanese immigrants were again just in between Whites in the US (low-risk populations) and native Japanese (high-risk populations) in their stomach cancer risks. In conclusion, bladder cancer is a Western type cancer with sex and age discriminations in its occurrence. The cancer risk also varies depending on the life style of a population (environment dependent). The results obtained are discussed from the point of view of endocrinological oncology.

Colonic Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

A combined analysis of European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, and Medical Research Council randomized clinical trials for the prophylactic treatment of stage TaT1 bladder cancer. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group and the Medical Research Council Working Party on Superficial Bladder Cancer.

PURPOSE: The use of prophylactic agents after primary resection can decrease the incidence of tumor recurrence in patients with stage TaT1 bladder cancer. However, the long-term impact on progression to muscle invasive disease as well as on duration of survival is unknown. A combined analysis of individual patient data from previously performed European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) and Medical Research Council (MRC) randomized clinical trials was done in an attempt to answer these crucial questions. We compared immediate versus no adjuvant prophylactic treatment after transurethral resection with respect to disease-free interval, time to progression to muscle invasive disease, time to appearance of distant metastases, duration of survival and progression-free survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All EORTC and MRC prophylactic, randomized phase III trials with primary or recurrent, stage TaT1 transitional cell bladder cancer that compared transurethral resection alone or with adjuvant prophylactic treatment were included in the study. Four EORTC and 2 MRC trials using intravesical chemotherapy or oral agents and including a total of 2,535 patients were studied. RESULTS: A statistically significant effect of adjuvant treatment over no adjuvant treatment was found in terms of the duration of the disease-free interval (p < 0.01). No clear advantage of adjuvant treatment was shown with respect to progression to invasive disease, time to appearance of distant metastases or duration of survival and progression-free survival. Median survival followup was 7.8 years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite prologation of the disease-free-interval adjuvant treatment has no apparent long-term impact on the evolution of stage TaTi bladder cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen for breast cancer. Comprehensive Cancer Centres' ALERT Group. Assessment of Liver and Endometrial cancer Risk following Tamoxifen.

BACKGROUND: Tamoxifen increases the risk of endometrial cancer. However, few studies have produced reliable risk estimates by duration, dose, and recency of use, or addressed the prognosis of endometrial cancers in tamoxifen-treated women. METHODS: We did a nationwide case-control study on the risk and prognosis of endometrial cancer after tamoxifen use for breast cancer. Information on tamoxifen use and other risk factors for endometrial cancer was obtained from 309 women with endometrial cancer after breast cancer (cases), and 860 matched controls with breast cancer but without endometrial cancer. For 276 cases, we obtained tissue blocks of endometrial cancer to review the diagnosis, and used immunohistochemistry to examine hormone-receptor status and overexpression of p53. FINDINGS: Tamoxifen had been used by 108 (36.1%) of 299 cases and 245 (28.5%) controls (relative risk 1.5 [95% CI 1.1-2.0]). Risk of endometrial cancer increased with longer duration of tamoxifen use (p < 0.001), with relative risks of 2.0 (1.2-3.2) for 2-5 years and 6.9 (2.4-19.4) for at least 5 years compared with non-users. Endometrial cancers of stage III and IV occurred more frequently in long-term tamoxifen users (> or = 2 years) than in non-users (17.4% vs 5.4%, p=0.006). Long-term users were more likely than non-users to have had malignant mixed mesodermal tumours or sarcomas of the endometrium (15.4% vs 2.9%, p < or = 0.02), p53-positive tumours (31.4% vs 18.2%, p=0.05), and negative oestrogen-receptor concentrations (60.8% vs 26.2%, p < or = 0.001). 3-year endometrial-cancer-specific survival was significantly worse for long-term tamoxifen users than for non-users (76% for > or = 5 years, 85% for 2-5 years vs 94% for non-users, p=0.02). INTERPRETATION: Long-term tamoxifen users have a worse prognosis of endometrial cancers, which seems to be due to less favourable histology and higher stage. However, the benefit of tamoxifen on breast-cancer survival far outweighs the increased mortality from endometrial cancer. Nevertheless, we seriously question widespread use of tamoxifen as a preventive agent against breast cancer in healthy women.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer has brought together and reanalysed about 90% of the worldwide epidemiological evidence on the relation between risk of breast cancer and use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). METHODS: Individual data on 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer from 51 studies in 21 countries were collected, checked, and analysed centrally. The main analyses are based on 53,865 postmenopausal women with a known age at menopause, of whom 17,830 (33%) had used HRT at some time. The median age at first use was 48 years, and 34% of ever-users had used HRT for 5 years or longer. Estimates of the relative risk of breast cancer associated with the use of HRT were obtained after stratification of all analyses by study, age at diagnosis, time since menopause, body-mass index, parity, and the age a woman was when her first child was born. FINDINGS: Among current users of HRT or those who ceased use 1-4 years previously, the relative risk of having breast cancer diagnosed increased by a factor of 1.023 (95% CI 1.011-1.036; 2p=0.0002) for each year of use; the relative risk was 1.35 (1.21-1.49; 2p=0.00001) for women who had used HRT for 5 years or longer (average duration of use in this group 11 years). This increase is comparable with the effect on breast cancer of delaying menopause, since among never-users of HRT the relative risk of breast cancer increases by a factor of 1.028 (95% CI 1.021-1.034) for each year older at menopause. 5 or more years after cessation of HRT use, there was no significant excess of breast cancer overall or in relation to duration of use. These main findings did not vary between individual studies. Of the many factors examined that might affect the relation between breast cancer risk and use of HRT, only a woman's weight and body-mass index had a material effect: the increase in the relative risk of breast cancer associated with long durations of use in current and recent users was greater for women of lower than of higher weight or body-mass index. There was no marked variation in the results according to hormonal type or dose but little information was available about long durations of use of any specific preparation. Cancers diagnosed in women who had ever used HRT tended to be less advanced clinically than those diagnosed in never-users. In North America and Europe the cumulative incidence of breast cancer between the ages of 50 and 70 in never-users of HRT is about 45 per 1000 women. The cumulative excess numbers of breast cancers diagnosed between these ages per 1000 women who began use of HRT at age 50 and used it for 5, 10, and 15 years, respectively, are estimated to be 2 (95% CI 1-3), 6 (3-9), and 12 (5-20). Whether HRT affects mortality from breast cancer is not known. INTERPRETATION: The risk of having breast cancer diagnosed is increased in women using HRT and increases with increasing duration of use. This effect is reduced after cessation of use of HRT and has largely, if not wholly, disappeared after about 5 years. These findings should be considered in the context of the benefits and other risks associated with the use of HRT.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cancer predisposition, radiosensitivity and the risk of radiation-induced cancers. II. A Mendelian single-locus model of cancer predisposition and radiosensitivity for predicting cancer risks in populations.

Individuals genetically predisposed to cancer may be more sensitive to cancers induced by ionizing radiation than those who are not so predisposed. Should this be true, under conditions of radiation exposure, a population consisting of cancer-predisposed and non-predisposed individuals will be expected to respond with a higher total frequency of induced cancers than one in which all the individuals are assumed to have the same sensitivity to radiation-induced cancers. To study this problem quantitatively, we have developed a Mendelian autosomal one-locus, two-allele model; this model assumes that one of the alleles is mutant and the genotypes carrying the mutant allele(s) are cancer-predisposed and are also more sensitive to radiation-induced cancer. Formal analytical predictions as well as numerical illustrations of this model show that: (1) when such heterogeneity with respect to cancer predisposition and radiosensitivity is present in the population, irradiation results in a greater increase in the frequency of induced cancers than when it is absent; (2) this increase is detectable only when the proportion of cancers due to genetic predisposition is large and when the degree of predisposition is considerable; and (3) even when the effect is small, most of the radiation-induced cancers will occur in predisposed individuals. These conclusions are valid for models of cancer when predisposition and radiosensitivity may be either dominant or recessive. The published data on breast cancers in Japanese A-bomb survivors show that at 1 Sv, the radiation-related excess relative risk in women irradiated before age 20 is 13 compared to about 2 for those irradiated at later ages. We examined the application of our model to the above data using two assumptions, namely, that the proportion of cancers due to genetic susceptibility at the BRCA1 locus (1/200) and the frequency of the mutant allele (0.0033) estimated for Western populations are valid for Japanese women. With our model, these results can be explained only if there are very large differences in cancer susceptibility (> 1000-fold) and radiosensitivity (> 100-fold) of the heterozygotes.

BRCA1 Protein↗
PubMed1989

Bone scintigraphy in patients with breast cancer, pulmonary cancer, uterine cervix cancer, and prostatic cancer. Statistical study of spinal accumulation cases.

This is a review of bone scintigraphy performed in patients with breast cancer, pulmonary cancer, uterine cervix cancer, and prostatic cancer from 1980 to 1985. The incidence of accumulation in the spine was 25.0% in breast cancer, 29.5% in lung cancer, 24.3% in cervical cancer, and 47.0% in prostatic cancer. The predominant location of the accumulation was the lumbar vertebra (68.9%), followed by the thoracic vertebra (45.0%), sacral vertebra (37.5%), and cervical vertebra (23.6%). The survivability after spinal accumulation was determined by the Kaplan-Meyer survival curve. The 1-year survival rate of breast cancer, pulmonary cancer, cervical cancer, and prostatic cancer was 88%, 19%, 74%, and 90%, respectively, the record of pulmonary cancer being significantly lower. Hence, in the treatment of patients with metastatic spinal tumors, the therapeutic method should be selected according to the underlying disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The National Cancer Data Base report on prostate cancer. American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society.

BACKGROUND: Previous Commission on Cancer data from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) examined time trends in disease stage, treatment patterns, and survival for patients with selected cancers. The most current (1992) data for prostate cancer are described in this Communication. METHODS: Calls for data yielded a total of 52,597 prostate cancer reports for 1986/1987 and 101,903 for 1992 from hospital cancer registries across the United States. RESULTS: Data were received for 154,500 patients with prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is detected increasingly at localized stages and among younger men. African American men have a continuing pattern of more advanced disease at diagnosis. Selection of prostatectomy as the primary treatment has increased, and its use varies by region and several patient and hospital characteristics. Selection of radiation treatment has increased to a lesser degree. The 5-year survival for patients diagnosed in 1986/1987 was 60%. Outcomes varied by stage, age, and race. CONCLUSION: The NCDB provides valuable information concerning patterns and trends in prostate cancer care in the United States. The data show that prostate cancer detection and treatment have changed markedly in recent years. These changes appear to be related to the increased use of early detection measures. The improvements in prostate cancer detection and trends in treatment have not affected the population evenly, with African American men having more advanced disease and lower survival. Continued monitoring of these important trends is needed.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

The frequency of germ-line mutations in the breast cancer predisposition genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 in familial prostate cancer. The Cancer Research Campaign/British Prostate Group United Kingdom Familial Prostate Cancer Study Collaborators.

Predisposition to prostate cancer has a genetic component, and there are reports of familial clustering of breast and prostate cancer. Two highly penetrant genes that predispose individuals to breast cancer (BRCA1 and BRCA2) are known to confer an increased risk of prostate cancer of about 3-fold and 7-fold, respectively, in breast cancer families. Blood DNA from affected individuals in 38 prostate cancer clusters was analyzed for germ-line mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 to assess the contribution of each of these genes to familial prostate cancer. Seventeen DNA samples were each from an affected individual in families with three or more cases of prostate cancer at any age; 20 samples were from one of affected sibling pairs where one was < or = 67 years at diagnosis. No germ-line mutations were found in BRCA1. Two germ-line mutations in BRCA2 were found, and both were seen in individuals whose age at diagnosis was very young (< or = 56 years) and who were members of an affected sibling pair. One is a 4-bp deletion at base 6710 (exon 11) in a man who had prostate cancer at 54 years, and the other is a 2-bp deletion at base 5531 (exon 11) in a man who had prostate cancer at 56 years. In both cases, the wild-type allele was lost in the patient's prostate tumor at the BRCA2 locus. However, intriguingly, in neither case did the affected brother also carry the mutation. Germ-line mutations in BRCA2 may therefore account for about 5% of prostate cancer in familial clusters.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The National Cancer Data Base: report on kidney cancers. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society.

BACKGROUND: The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) examining current time trends (1993) in stage of disease, treatment patterns, and survival of patients with kidney cancer are reported. METHODS: Five calls for data have yielded a total of 3,700,000 cancer cases for the years 1985 through 1993, including 8140 kidney cancer cases in 1988 and 10,617 in 1993 from hospital cancer registries across the U.S. These data represent 36% and 39% of all cases of kidney cancers diagnosed in the U.S. in 1988 and 1993, respectively. RESULTS: Three trends were observed. 1) Stage II disease is being diagnosed with increasing frequency. 2) There has been an overall increase in the frequency with which surgery alone is utilized as the primary treatment for patients with Stage I, II, and III disease; however, surgical treatment of patients with Stage IV kidney cancer has declined. 3) Partial nephrectomy rather than total nephrectomy is performed with increasing frequency as surgical treatment of patients with Stage I renal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The NCDB data have important implications for analyzing cancer treatments and outcomes in the U.S. These data suggest that kidney cancers are being diagnosed at an earlier stage and with greater precision. As a result, changes in surgical practice are apparent in the treatment of patients with lower stage disease (Stage I and II). Stage for stage, surgery remains the most effective form of treatment for patients with kidney cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

The National Cancer Data Base report on ovarian cancer. American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society.

BACKGROUND: Reports generated from the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB), a joint project of the American College of Surgeons Commission of Cancer and the American Cancer Society, have described trends in demographics, stage, treatment patterns, and survival for a variety of cancers. In this report, the most current (1991) data for ovarian cancer are presented and include some comparisons with 1985/1986 data. METHODS: Three calls for data from hospital registries across the United States have yielded 17,114 ovarian cancer cases for 1985, 1986, and 1991 combined. These data represent approximately 23%, 23%, and 43%, respectively, of the annual number of cases of ovarian cancer in the United States for those years. RESULTS: One-fourth of the reported cases of ovarian cancer were diagnosed in women less than 50 years of age. Younger patients (< 40 years) were more likely to have received conservative therapy (unilateral oophorectomy), consistent with their high prevalence (59%) of Stage I disease. The number of patients reported with an unknown American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage decreased from 49% in 1985/1986 to 17% in 1991, although the distribution within stages was unchanged. Increases in important staging procedures were reported in 1991, with threefold increase in the proportion of debulking procedures and a 50% increase in omentectomies accompanying hysterectomy compared with 1985/1986. More advanced disease was reported for those of older age, lower income, African Americans, and patients in smaller hospitals. Relative 5-year survival rates were 74% for patients with Stage I disease, 58% for Stage II, 30% for Stage III, and 19% for Stage IV. Asians and Hispanics presented with a relatively high rate of Stage I-II disease (45%) compared with non-Hispanic whites and African Americans (38% and 33%, respectively). Hispanics presented with the most favorable Stage I/IV ratio (1.5) and had an overall 5-year survival of 50% compared with 41% and 37% for non-Hispanic whites and African Americans (Stage I/IV ratios of 1.0 and 0.7, respectively). There was little difference reported in the use of multimodality treatment between 1985/1986 and 1991. CONCLUSIONS: A trend toward more complete surgery with full surgical/pathologic staging was observed in 1991, but there was not yet evidence to indicate significant improvements in ovarian cancer survival compared with published figures during the past 10-15 years. Important ethnic and demographic differences in type of surgery and survival were noted but could not be differentiated from differences in tumor stage.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Interrelation between Western type cancers and non-Western type cancers as regards their risk variation in time and space. IV. Hormonal transition of Japanese women from the pro-cervical cancer age through the pro-endometrial cancer age to the pro-hypogonadism age.

Chronological trend of urinary steroid excretions in Japanese women was investigated during the period of June 1972 to August 1986 using healthy women of urban and rural origins, patients with breast cancer and patients with either cervical cancer or endometrial cancer. The excretions of 14 neutral steroids were estimated by gas liquid chromatography, and the obtained data were tentatively correlated with the epidemiological backgrounds. In the course of the chronological transition from the 1st stage (1972-1974) to the 2nd stage (1975-79), the urinary steroid pattern of Japanese women with and without cancer experienced a common change to produce specific deviations that were in agreement with the hormonal characteristics of a pill user or of an endometrial cancer patient. At the 3rd stage (1980-86), patients with either cervical cancer or endometrial cancer were distinguished from 1st stage controls by non-specific depression of all androgens, progestins and corticosteroids in urine. Throughout the whole period, both the risk for cervical cancer and the reproductive activity (birth rate) were found to decrease continuously in Japanese women. Evidence was presented to suggest that the above deterioration of the hormonal environment in Japanese women could be related to the stress of modern life rather than to defects in the diet. On the basis of the above findings, the 1st, 2nd and 3rd stages of our investigation were tentatively termed the pro-cervical cancer age, the pro-endometrial cancer age and the pro-hypogonadism age. The relation between the chronological change of urinary steroids and that of the epidemiological background was analyzed from the view point of population ecology.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1998

[Effect of UFT on treatment of urological cancer--effect of UFT on treatment of invasive bladder cancer and advanced prostate cancer. Ibaraki Urological Cancer Chemotherapy Study Group].

A prospective randomized joint study was conducted to evaluate the usefulness of UFT 1) as a postoperative adjuvant therapy in patients with invasive bladder cancer who had undergone curative combination therapy with operation and/or chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, 2) as an endocrine chemotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed stage C/D prostate cancer, for a period of 3 years from January, 1992. For bladder cancer, of 36 patients with invasive bladder cancer, clinically cured by combination therapy, 20 patients were treated with UFT as an adjuvant chemotherapy over 12 months, and they were compared to 16 patients with no adjuvant therapy. After excluding 10 inappropriate patients, 12 patients in the UFT treatment group and 14 patients with no adjuvant treatment group were observed. For prostate cancer, of 29 patients with clinically stage C/D prostate cancer, 13 were treated with endocrine therapy in combination with UFT, and 16 patients were treated with endocrine therapy alone. After excluding 7 inappropriate patients, 10 patients with endocrine chemotherapy and 12 patients with hormonal therapy were observed. The non-recurrence rate, survival rate and side effects of UFT were evaluated. In the study of bladder cancer, neither a significant difference of non-recurrent rate nor of survival rate was seen between the two groups. In the study of prostate cancer, neither a significant difference of non-recurrent rate nor of survival rate was seen between the two groups. These findings suggest UFT is less useful as an adjuvant therapy for the invasive bladder cancer and as an endocrine chemotherapy for newly diagnosed advanced prostate cancer.

Administration, Oral↗