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PubMed1998

Autogenes Training - Qualitative Meta-Analyse kontrollierter klinischer Studien und Beziehungen zur Naturheilkunde.

Autogenic Training - Qualitative Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Studies and Relation to NaturopathyAutogenic training is a relaxation technique based on autosuggestions and practice in the perception of 'natural' relaxating processes of the body with an increasing calm basic attitude. The psycho-physiological changes that occur after periodical exercises can be explained by a plausible model which has been empirically proved in many of its aspects. With regard to methodological aspects the present study deals with the qualitative meta-analysis of 64 controlled clinical studies from 1952 to 1997. The clinical effect of autogenic training on the main symptoms as exclusive or at least central psychotherapeutic intervention (partly in combination with a somatic basic therapy) was evaluated. It was proved that autogenic training has positive effects on psychosomatic disorders (hypertension, asthma, intestinal diseases, 'vegetative dystonia', glaucoma, atopic eczema), on preparation for childbirth, sleep disorders and anxiety disorders. A positive effect can also be expected in case of headaches and Raynaud's disease, however, other relaxation techniques seem to be superior in these cases. Moreover, positive effects on the mood (e. g. depressive symptoms) and the general subjective condition (e. g. 'quality of life') have been proved by many studies. Hence indications can be derived according to the basic rules of evidence-based medicine. Nevertheless there are contraindications, for instance regarding exogenous, acute schizophrenic or affective psychosis. Beyond that the preparedness to therapy of many patients can be improved if the therapeutic offers are enlarged by autogenic training as a 'low level' offer. Autogenic training is an effective and useful component of preventive, rehabilitative or therapeutic interventions and can last but not least be part of therapeutic interventions which include naturopathy.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Ionization with diclofenac sodium in rheumatic disorders: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

A double-blind randomized study was performed to compare ionization with diclofenac sodium (150 mg) and ionization with saline solution in two groups of patients with scapulo-humeral periarthritis or elbow epicondylitis. The subjects of both groups were treated with 20 ionization sessions each lasting 30 minutes during a 1-month period. There was a significantly greater improvement in pain at rest, pain on pressure, pain on movement and joint swelling in the eleven patients treated with diclofenac compared with the thirteen placebo-treated patients, but no significant differences between the two treatments as regards functional impairment. However, placebo treatment produced a slight but significant improvement in pain on pressure, pain on movement and functional impairment. Further studies are needed to assess the relative role of the current and of autosuggestion in saline ionization response since both have well-known therapeutic effects on chronic rheumatic pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Early alcoholism treatment: the Emmanuel Movement and Richard Peabody.

The history of alcoholism treatment in the early twentieth century is outlined. The methods of the Emmanuel Movement and of Richard Peabody are described, biographical details of their main practitioners are given, the populations treated are described, and the predecessors and successors of the two methods are discussed. In addition, the two methods are compared with each other and with the methods of Alcoholics Anonymous and Freudian psychoanalysis. The founder of the E. Movement was a clergyman, Dr. Elwood Worcester, whose method was designed to treat a variety of neurotic disorders. He felt that all diseases, including alcoholism, had physical, mental and spiritual components. His principal techniques of relaxation therapy and suggestion (including autosuggestion) were used to reach the unconscious. Worcester felt that alcoholics could be helped by redirecting their attention away from their problems to a life of service and spirituality. Prayer, group support and self-help were important. Worcester tried to reduce patients' guilt and rejected temperance preaching. He felt that recovery must come from surrender to external forces and to the healing capacities of the unconscious. One patient of his, Courtenay Baylor, began to work with him at the E. Church. Like Worcester, Baylor believed that alcohol, and not one's life history, caused alcoholism. Baylor believed that alcoholism resulted from mental and physical "tenseness" and, like Worcester, he used relaxation therapy. He believed in giving a longer period of treatment than did Worcester and in providing more treatment for the families of alcoholics. One of Baylor's most famous patients was Peabody. Peabody had no credentials but he refined and professionalized the E. treatment method. He was a strong believer in the control of one's feelings and in increased efficiency--his patients were told to follow detailed time plans. He believed that early family history caused alcoholism. Like the E. Movement, he felt that relaxation, suggestion and catharsis were important. Unlike the E. Movement, he regarded the unconscious as an obstacle. His method was also less spiritual. His philosophy seemed to have been derived from the mind-cure movement, including New Thought; he was not interested in the body. The fact that the practitioners of the Emmanuel and Peabody methods were not physicians is discussed. The treatment success of both methods is unclear.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2002

[Examing varieties, the factor structure, and differentiations of the coping strategies of "agari" (stage fright) in its eliciting situations].

The present study reports coping strategies in 'agari' eliciting situations. 'Agari' is a Japanese noun (the verb form is 'agaru'), referring to broad experiences including 'stage-fright', 'choking under pressure' and 'social anxiety'. Based upon the self-reports of 426 subjects, a 84-item questionnaire on the coping strategies for 'agari' was constructed. Another 361 subjects completed the questionnaire, and a factor analysis of their responses revealed seven primary factors: "autosuggestion", "physical exercise", "image", "avoidance", "positive thinking", "easygoing tolerance", and "unrelated behavior". Furthermore, a higher-order factor analysis was carried out and revealed that "positive-negative" and "physical-cognitive" higher-order factors explained seven primary factors. Next, hierarchical cluster analysis was performed and the results divided twelve 'agari' situations into three clusters of situations: "competition", "presentation requiring preparation", and "impromptu presentation". The "physical exercise" strategies were used particularly in "competition" clusters. The other clusters were divided in the appraisals of whether they could prepare or not. It is suggested that the coping strategies for 'agari' depend upon the nature of 'agari' eliciting situations.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1989

[Emotional stress psychotherapy].

The concept of emotional stress psychotherapy (ESP) is based on the theoretical understanding of mental process as a system of cross-potentiating synergism of consciousness and the unconscious. Therefore, one can regard this kind of treatment as an appeal to the spiritual components of personality arousing its need of self-perfectioning. Owing to this, ESP turns the demands and higher interests creating a personality dominant to oppose the illness with ensuing depression and apathy. In a sense, this method is a qualitative contrast to S. Freud's psychoanalysis digging in the dark compartments of the soul. As a result of treatment of thousands of neurotic patients and those with psychosomatic disorders and alcoholism, the following techniques of ESP were elaborated: rational, shaped as a socratic dialogue; hypnosuggestive comprising individual or collective hypnosis, extremely loaded with emotions; autosuggestive like mental self-regulation and autogenic training filled with specific emotions.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1983

[Lessons from the history of therapy--therapeutic optimism and its pitfalls].

If we are to help patients effectively, our understanding of diseases and our therapeutic potential should, again and again, just be somewhat better than they actually are. Throughout the ages this has been the fundamental situation in medical practice. The response on the physician's part has nearly always been an attitude of therapeutic optimism. At all times physicians--and patients also--have relied on therapeutic principles and remedies based on professional experience and medical theory. In conjunction with the (generally recognized) healing powers of nature, and of (unrecognized) autosuggestion, this has led to many satisfactory and even remarkable cures. Examples from antiquity to the 19th century are quoted, and the snags of an over-optimistic attitude become evident, viz. a rational therapy is no better than the underlying pathogenetic theory; exaggerated therapeutic activity may cause useless torment to the patient (a point already made by Hippocrates); the optimistic physician or the enthusiastic pioneer of a new remedy may be blind to toxic side effects or the development of addiction. To sum up: therapeutic optimism is fine--but don't overdo it!

Bloodletting↗
PubMed1984

Relaxation: its effect on the nutritional status and performance status of clients with cancer.

Relaxation was used to promote normal food consumption patterns among persons with cancer. As part of a larger study, 22 persons with cancer were randomly assigned to receive instruction and reinforcement in a relaxation technique to be used preprandially. The relaxation procedure included four components: (a) deep abdominal breathing, (b) tensing and relaxing of various body parts, (c) relaxation by autosuggestion, and (d) voluntary image control. Twelve clients complied with relaxation instructions in part, and 10 did not. Among compliers, 75% experienced desirable weight change over a six-week period. Performance status, measured by the Karnofsky scale, improved for 33% and worsened for 17% over eight weeks. Research has shown relaxation to be an effective measure in relation to pain, hypertension, and other conditions. These preliminary results now suggest that relaxation may also be effective in treating the eating problems of the person with cancer, leading to improvement in weight and performance status.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Acupuncture as a cause of death (author's transl)].

Acupuncture is a controversial method of treatment, the success of which, according to the convictions of its opponents, is based solely on suggestion or autosuggestion. That the rules of the Chinese teaching on acupuncture are not observed by many acupuncturists does not contribute to its prestige. Serious injuries resulting from acupuncture therapy have, however, seldom become known. For this reason the case is presented of a 63-year-old woman, suffering from asthma, who died as a result of a bilateral pneumothorax following injury to the lungs in the course of acupuncture of the chest wall.

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1983

Root doctors as providers of primary care.

Physicians in primary care recognize that as many as 65 percent of the patients seen in their offices are there for psychological reasons. In any southern town with a moderate population of blacks, there are at least two "root doctors." These root doctors have mastered the power of autosuggestion and are treating these patients with various forms of medication and psychological counseling. This paper updates the practicing physician on root doctors who practice primary care.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Psychosomatic diseases of the eye--a review].

After remarks on the uncritical use of the term "hysteria" in some investigations on psychosomatic phenomena in ophthalmology some recent reviews are presented, followed by the results of psychosomatic research on specific ophthalmological diseases. Dealing with glaucoma controlled studies are emphasized which attempt to determine the structure of neuroses and the importance of environmental situations. Using the MMPI high values on the scales 'depression', 'hypochondria' and 'hysteria' were observed. In previous attempts to influence glaucoma psychotherapeutically mainly autosuggestive and hypnotizing methods have been applied. The number of reported cases of psychogenic blindness has decreased considerably. We discuss, that it may not only be caused by the mechanism of hysterical conversion but also by a tendency to regression in schizoid neurotic structure. Concerning asthenopia and amblyopia the dependence of vision and visual acuity of the level of vegetative innervation is being accentuated; there appear to be correlations between certain errors of refraction and certain personality patterns. Psychiatric diseases may also influence vision: observations in paranoid and affective psychoses of later life and in schizophrenic children confirm it. This leads to the question, if schizoid neurotic structure can also be characterized by a specific disturbance in affective relations to sensations. Examples are given for investigations on other diseases (ablantio retinae, retinopathia centrales serosa), on the problem of self mutilation (auto-enuclation) and on neurophysiological question (psychogenic influences on pupil size).

Amblyopia↗
PubMed1994

[Ambulatory short-term therapy of anxiety patients with autogenic training and hypnosis. Results of treatment and 3 months follow-up].

The aim of the study was to examine the effects of a short-term outpatient treatment (6 sessions à 90 minutes) with autogenic training (Schultz 1932) or hypnosis (Erickson and Rossi 1979), concerning patients with anxiety- and panic disorders (according to DSM-III-R and ICD-10-criteria). 27 Outpatients were recruited by newspaper articles. Most of them had not been treated before. Both short-term treatments consisted of 6 weekly group sessions (4-6 patients). Psychological examinations were carried out before and after treatment and at a follow-up after 3 months. Trait anxiety (STAI-X2) and psychosomatic complaints (BfS/BL') decreased in both groups significantly after treatment. This therapeutic effect was stable during the following 3 months. The frequency of panic attacks decreased as well under treatment, and this effect was even more marked during the 3 month following treatment. The therapeutic success was influenced by the frequency of autosuggestive exercises carried out by the patients at home. This form of short-term treatment is not sufficient for all patients with anxiety disorders but the results of that study encourage to use short-term interventions with autogenic training and hypnosis as initial therapeutic approaches for such patients and to combine them with other therapeutic interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Principles of pain therapy with local anesthesia].

The treatment of chronic pain consists of four basic concepts: Drugs (analgetic drugs, TAD, etc.), treatment by physicians (chiropraxis, massage, TENS, etc.), injection with local anesthetics and autosuggestion. Necessary for diagnosis and treatment of chronical pain is the knowledge of pathophysiology and anatomy of nerves, ligaments, muscles and the sympathetic nervous system. Diagnosis of chronical pain rarely includes roentgenograms or other technical procedures, mainly to exclude tumors, fractures or specific infections. The knowledge of pathophysiology means the knowledge of sympathetic and motoric efferences on one side and the functional examination of the anatomic structures on the other side.

Anesthesia, Local↗
PubMed1975

The effects of hypnotic susceptibility on reducing smoking behavior treated by an hypnotic technique.

This study sought to obtain empirical data on the issue of whether susceptibility to hypnosis influences the outcome of an hypnotic therapy. At the first of two sessions, Ss had their susceptibility evaluated unobtrusively. At the second session, they learned Spiegel's self-hypnotic method to stop smoking. At the end of 3 months' follow-up 7 of 54 volunteers were completely abstinent (13%), while 31% had reduced smoking by 50% or more. Of the 7 totally abstaining Ss, 1 was high, 1 was low and 5 were medium susceptible, which is not unlike the distribution of hypnotic susceptibility in the general population. However, it was found that significantly more Ss of higher susceptibility reduced by 50% or more than did less susceptible Ss.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Blood flow changes in arteriovenous malformation during behavioral activation.

Striking task-dependent fluctuations were observed in the cerebral blood flow pattern of a patient with a left posterior hemispheric arteriovenous malformation (AVM). Two-dimensional measures of regional cerebral flow in the resting state, using the xenon 133 inhalation technique, revealed a region of high flow coincident with the AVM seen on the patient's arteriograms. In subsequent studies, the AVM stood out as a region of high blood flow during a relaxed state, while it approached normal levels of flow when there was attentional demand. These observations suggest that focal regulatory mechanisms exist at the AVM or else that very substantial redistributions of blood flow are taking place which the flow rate in the AVM reflects only passively. Patients considered for embolic treatment of an AVM would benefit from an assessment of behavioral influences on flow in the AVM.

Attention↗
PubMed1980

Therapy of vaginismus by hypnotic desensitization.

Fear and anxiety are of tremendous importance in the production and maintenance of a symptom. Vaginismus, as a reaction of avoidance of an anxiety-producing situation, is readily amenable to treatment by systematic desensitization. This may proceed mainly in two ways: "in vitro" or "in vivo." In order to strengthen and speed up the densensitization process, we used hypnotic techniques in a dynamic approach. The "in vitro" treatment proceeds with imagery, under hypnosis, of an "anxiety hierarchy" of increasingly erotic and sexually intimate situations which will be reproduced at home with the partner, until sexual intercourse is achieved. In the "in vivo" method the patient learns self-hypnosis and then inserts in the vagina first a finger, and then Hegar dilators of gradually increasing sizes. The partner, the patient, and the physician will then successively proceed to insertion, forming a team-referred work situation. This continues until the "female superior position," practiced first with the largest dilator, is reproduced at home by intercourse. Between 1965 and 1974 we treated 71 women with this method. Good results were obtained in 16 of 18 by the "in vitro" technique and in 53 of 54 by the "in vivo" technique. One patient was referred from the "in vitro" group to the "in vivo" group. In follow-up of 2 to 5 years there was no relapse or symptom substitution.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Standardized mood induction with happy and sad facial expressions.

The feasibility of applying ecologically valid and socially relevant emotional stimuli in a standardized fashion to obtain reliable mood changes in healthy subjects was examined. The stimuli consisted of happy and sad facial expressions varying in intensity. Two mood-induction procedures (happy and sad, each consisting of 40 slides) were administered to 24 young healthy subjects, who were instructed to look at each slide (self-paced) and try to feel the happy or sad mood expressed by the person in the picture. On an emotional self-rating scale, subjects rated themselves as relatively happier during the happy mood-induction condition and as relatively sadder during the sad mood-induction condition. Conversely, they reported that they were less happy during the sad mood-induction condition and less sad during the happy mood-induction condition. The effects were generalized to positive and negative affect as measured by the Positive and Negative Affect Scale. The intraindividual variability in the effect was very small. In a retest study after 1 month, the mood-induction effects showed good stability over time. The results encourage the use of this mood-induction procedure as a neurobehavioral probe in physiologic neuroimaging studies for investigating the neural substrates of emotional experience.

Adult↗