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PubMed2004

A further examination of the relation between trait anger and alcohol-related aggression: the role of anger control.

BACKGROUND: Trait anger has been identified as a risk factor for alcohol-related aggression. However, to develop a more accurate risk profile, it is necessary to examine the interactive relations between trait anger and other key personality variables. The present study examined the influence of anger control on alcohol-related aggression. METHODS: Participants were 164 social drinking men age 21-35 years old. Trait anger and anger control were assessed with the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (Spielberger, 1996). Following consumption of an alcoholic or placebo beverage, participants competed in an aggression paradigm in which electric shocks were received from and administered to a fictitious opponent during a competitive reaction time task. Aggression was operationalized as shock intensities administered to the opponent under conditions of low and high provocation. RESULTS: Analyses indicated that trait anger significantly predicted aggression, but only among men who were intoxicated and reported low levels of anger control. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that anger control may be a crucial risk factor in determining whether one's anger proneness will lead to intoxicated aggression following provocation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived stress, trait anger, modes of anger expression, and health status of college men and women.

Relationships among perceived stress, trait anger (general propensity to become angry), modes of anger expression, and health status were examined in a sample of 720 college students. Although stress was significantly correlated with trait anger and all four modes of anger expression, most correlations were of low magnitude. College men and women did not differ in trait anger, anger-in, or anger-out. Significant gender differences were found in only two modes of anger expression--discussing anger and expressing it somatically (women scoring higher on both). The contribution of anger variables to the variance in health status was negligible.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[A questionnaire for assessing anger and expression of anger].

The State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) developed by Spielberger is a measure for state- and trait-anger and three different forms of anger expression. People differ in the extent to which they express anger overtly and directly (anger out), how often anger feelings are hold in or suppressed (anger in) or in the extent to which they are able to control their angry feelings or their overtly expressed anger (anger control). The scales are developed to determine the relevance of individual dispositions to express anger in the etiology and course of psychosomatic illness like hypertension, coronary heart disease etc. The present report is a summary of the research reports presented by Schwenkmezger and Hodapp (1986, 1989). It describes the development of the German adaptation of the STAXI, including itemmetrical and factor analytic results, detailed research on construct validity, and first experimental analyses.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Anger episodes in high- and low-trait-anger community adults.

Anger is a basic emotion, experienced by almost all human beings in response to the unwanted and unexpected behavior of others. Yet, there is little consensus as to which characteristics may differentiate people who experience normal versus exaggerated or pathological anger reactions. We examined the self-reported characteristics of specific anger episodes in 93 community adults who were high (HTA) or low (LTA) on trait anger. Using a componential model, they were asked to identify a recent anger episode and report on the triggers and associated cognitions, characteristics of the experience, desired and actual patterns of expression, and outcomes. HTA adults, in comparison to their LTA counterparts, exhibited anger reactions that were more frequent, intense, and enduring. They also reported more negative cognitions. Of particular importance, the HTA adults reported more physical aggression, negative verbal responses, drug use, and negative anger-related consequences. Thus, clinically important anger reactions may emerge as a function of the anger trait. Results are discussed in terms of implications for diagnosis and treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Relationship of anger and anger attacks with depression: a brief review.

Anger is a common and potentially destructive emotion that has considerable social and public health importance. The occurrence of anger, irritability and hostility in depression have been known for many years, but the prevalence, significance for treatment and prognosis and the mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. More recently, anger attacks have been proposed as a specific form of anger in depression. They are characterized by a rapid onset of intense anger and a crescendo of autonomic arousal occurring in response to trivial provocations. Though the presence or absence of hostility, anger and aggression in depression has been a matter of controversy, anger attacks have been found to occur more often in depressed patients in comparison to healthy controls. Some studies have reported that depressed patients with anger attacks differ from those without such attacks in terms of clinical profile, comorbid personality disorders and certain biological variables. Serotonergic dysfunction may characterize this distinct subtype of depression - depression with anger attacks.

Anger↗
PubMed1999

Anger in chronic pain: investigations of anger targets and intensity.

The study was designed to assess the frequency and intensity of patients' anger directed toward various potential targets and how intensity of anger toward different targets was related to the chronic pain experience. Ninety-six chronic pain patients who were referred for a comprehensive evaluation completed questionnaires to assess their levels of anger, pain, distress, and disability. Approximately 70% of the participants reported to have angry feelings. Most commonly, patients reported to be angry with themselves (74%) and health care professionals (62%). The relevance of anger to chronic pain experience seemed to vary across targets. Anger toward oneself was significantly associated with pain and depression, whereas only overall anger was significantly related to perceived disability. The results suggest that anger should be conceptualized as a multifactorial construct. In addition to presence, intensity, and expression of anger, targets of anger may be important to better understand psychological adaptation to chronic pain.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Anger in black and white: race, alienation, and anger.

Using data from the 1996 General Social Survey and the 1973 Chicago Crowding Study, we test the hypotheses that African Americans feel and express more anger than whites, that sense of control (versus powerlessness) lessens anger and mistrust increases anger, and that these indicators of alienation affect anger differently for African Americans and whites. We find that when age and gender are controlled, African Americans neither feel nor express more anger than whites, despite having a lower average sense of control and higher mistrust. This is partly because the effects of sense of control and mistrust on anger differ by race. Sense of control reduces feelings of anger and anger expression more for African Americans than whites. Mistrust increases feelings of anger for whites, but not African Americans. The results provide further evidence that, in the stress process, social structural location may moderate the effects of "detriments" and "resources" on emotional upset.

Black or African American↗
PubMed2006

[The effects of cognitive behavioral anger management program on self-consciousness and anger in Korean military man].

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate a cognitive behavioral anger management intervention in order to increase self-consciousness and decrease anger among Korean military men. METHODS: A quasi-experimental design was used for this study. Ninety two soldiers were screened for unhealthy anger expression using a questionnaire. Among them, 26 soldiers who showed unhealthy anger expression were selected for this study. They were matched by rank and assigned to either a treatment or control group. The treatment group received the intervention three consecutive times, once a week and for 120 minutes per session. Participants were assessed before and after the intervention for anger (the State-Trait Anger Scale) and self-consciousness (Self-consciousness Scale). Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi- square-test, Mann-Whitney test, and Wilcox on signed rank test. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant decrease in anger or increase in self-consciousness between the two groups following treatment. However, there was a significant increase in private self-consciousness in the treatment group after the intervention(p=.006). CONCLUSION: The cognitive behavioral anger management program improves private self-consciousness in soldiers. However, Additional research is needed to explore whether long-term intervention is more effective for anger control in the military setting. The findings from this study suggest that more attention should be given to mental health care for Korean soldiers.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Anger management training: the effects of a structured programme on the self-reported anger experience of forensic inpatients with learning disability.

Within the current political climate, there is an increasing burden on mental health professionals to achieve accuracy in risk assessment and prediction. The accurate assessment and treatment of anger can make a valuable contribution towards alleviating this burden as part of a comprehensive treatment package. This study describes an anger management training programme provided to a group of three forensic inpatients with learning disability. An ABA single case study design was used, with anger levels assessed at weekly intervals before, during and after the programme. The results suggested that anger management training is useful with this client group, with established tools, such as the Novaco Anger Scale, the Spielberger State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory and the Modified Overt Aggression Scale, allowing the impact of the programme on anger levels to be evaluated. There is an indication that maintenance treatment is required to prevent anger levels increasing to pretest levels following treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Anger management style, degree of expressed anger, and gender influence cardiovascular recovery from interpersonal harassment.

The hypothesis that the degree to which individuals expressed anger during harassment would mediate relationships between anger management style and cardiovascular recovery from harassment was examined in a college sample of 31 men and 32 women. Subjects told stories about Thematic Apperception Test cards during nonharassment and harassment phases. Words spoken during the storytelling reflecting "aggressive behavior" and "angry/hostile affect" were coded from audiotapes. Responses on the Anger-out subscale (AOS) of the Anger Expression Inventory were positively correlated with expression of angry/hostile affect words, and with SBP increases during harassment. During recovery, high AOS men and low AOS women showed sustained SBP, while men who expressed much anger and women who expressed little anger showed sustained SBP. Additional tests provided support for the hypothesis: SBP responses of high AOS men and low AOS women during recovery were partly mediated by the degree to which subjects expressed anger during harassment.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2003

Trait anger, anger expression, and ambulatory blood pressure: a meta-analytic review.

A meta-analysis of 15 studies was conducted to investigate the relationship between trait anger and ambulatory blood pressure. Overall, the experience of anger was significantly and positively associated with systolic blood pressure (r+ = 0.049), but not reliably associated with diastolic blood pressure (r+ = 0.028). After removing an outlier, the expression of anger was found to have a reliable inverse relationship with diastolic blood pressure (r+ = -0.072). No reliable relationship between expression of anger and systolic blood pressure (r+ = -0.041) was found. These results continue to support the modest role of self-reported trait anger and anger expression in blood pressure levels. Several suggestions for future research are discussed, including increasing the focus on the complexity and synergism of these effects.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Anger, impulsivity, and anger control in combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder.

Empirical evidence of a relationship between combat-related PTSD and increased anger is lacking. In this study, 24 veterans of the Vietnam War with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) scored significantly higher on an Anger factor comprising multiple measures of anger than did comparison groups of 23 well-adjusted Vietnam combat veterans and 12 noncombat Vietnam-era veterans with psychiatric diagnoses. In contrast, the 3 groups did not differ significantly on orthogonal factors, one of which comprised cognitive impulsivity measures and the other of which reflected motor impulsivity. Changes in heart rate in response to provocation loaded positively on the Anger factor and negatively on the 2 Impulsivity factors. Concurrent depression and trait anxiety did not have an effect on level of anger in individuals with PTSD. These empirical findings support and extend the clinical evidence regarding PTSD and anger.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[The effects of subconscious processing of anger-related words and physiological arousal on the emotion of anger and aggressive behavior].

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of the prior subconscious processing of anger-related words and physiological arousal upon anger and aggressive behavior in a frustrated person. Sixteen male and 24 female college students participated in the experiment. First, the subjects performed a cognitive task in which they processed anger-related words or neutral words subconsciously in the high arousal or normal arousal state. In the second ostensibly unrelated task, the subjects were presented with a frustration story and they were asked to rate the intensity of anger which the victim in the story would feel, the victim's responses, and impressions of the frustrator, on several SD-trait scales. It was found that the subjects who processed anger-related words in high arousal state rated the victim as being in the most intense anger and aggressive in behavior and reported the impression of the frustrator as most negative. These findings were interpreted in terms of the network model of emotion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Shamed into anger? The relation of shame and guilt to anger and self-reported aggression.

The relation of shame and guilt to anger and aggression has been the focus of considerable theoretical discussion, but empirical findings have been inconsistent. Two recently developed measures of affective style were used to examine whether shame-proneness and guilt-proneness are differentially related to anger, hostility, and aggression. In 2 studies, 243 and 252 undergraduates completed the Self-Conscious Affect and Attribution Inventory, the Symptom Checklist 90, and the Spielberger Trait Anger Scale. Study 2 also included the Test of Self-Conscious Affect and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory. Shame-proneness was consistently correlated with anger arousal, suspiciousness, resentment, irritability, a tendency to blame others for negative events, and indirect (but not direct) expressions of hostility. Proneness to "shame-free" guilt was inversely related to externalization of blame and some indices of anger, hostility, and resentment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Effectiveness of the anger-control program in reducing anger expression in patients with schizophrenia.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anger control program in reducing anger expression in patients with schizophrenia. The study had an interrupted time series with nonequivalent comparison group design. Data were collected before the intervention, at the end of the 5th and 10th group sessions, and 2 weeks after the 10th (or last) session. A total of 78 patients were assigned to experimental (the anger control program) or comparison groups. The Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) was used to analyze the longitudinal data. The program was found to reduce anger expression in patients with schizophrenia effectively and to increase their anger control ability.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Teenage mothers' anger over twelve years: partner conflict, partner transitions and children's anger.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the effects of maternal anger, partner transitions and partner conflict on later oppositional and angry behavior of the children of teenage mothers. METHODS: One hundred and twenty-one teenage women were interviewed prior to the birth of the baby and at 3 points subsequently, when children were newborn, 7 years old and 12 years old. Child and teacher reports of children's oppositional behavior were obtained. RESULTS: Women who showed higher levels of anger at Time 1 experienced more conflict with partners and more partner transitions over the next 12 years than women with lower levels of anger. Partner conflict was a stronger predictor of children's oppositional and angry behavior than partner transitions. Maternal anger at Time 1 was associated with maternal anger at Time 4 but neither predicted children's oppositional behavior at Time 4. CONCLUSION: There was support for the theoretical model that suggested that the personality characteristics of teenaged mothers confer some of their risk to children through children's exposure to the mothers' problematic partner relationships.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Does quick to blame mean quick to anger? The role of agreeableness in dissociating blame and anger.

Two studies investigated agreeableness, the accessibility of blame, and their potential interactive effects on anger. To measure the chronic accessibility of blame, a choice reaction time task was created that required participants to classify words as blameworthy or not. It was found that for individuals low in agreeableness, blame accessibility was positively related to anger and arguments during the course of daily life, hostile feelings during the course of a semester, and anger in response to a short video involving a blameworthy action. This same straightforward relationship between the accessibility of blame and anger did not characterize those high in agreeableness. The results suggest that agreeableness plays an important role in facilitating (low agreeableness) or inhibiting (high agreeableness) the link between accessible blame and anger.

Adult↗