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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Biobehavioral responses to interpersonal conflict during anger expression among anger-in and anger-out men.

To examine whether typical modes of anger expression (ie., anger-in, anger-out) were related to cardiovascular, affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses to interpersonal conflict, 20 anger-in and 20 anger-out undergraduate men participated in 2 role plays, one in which they were instructed to exhibit their anger overtly and the other in which they inhibited their anger Results showed that anger-in individuals used significantly more repression self-statements than anger-out individuals across both role play interactions (p <.01). Anger-out persons showed exaggerated diastolic blood pressure response in contrast to anger-in participants, but only during the exhibited anger role play (p <.04). When the anger exhibition role play followed anger inhibition, diastolic bloodpressure responses were more intense (p <. 05), and heart rate recovery was significantly slower (p <.03) among anger-outparticipants in contrast to anger-in participants. These findings indicate that modes of anger expression (trait) and contextual demands of the interaction (state) interact in complex ways to influence biobehavioral reactions to anger provocation.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gender, anger expression style, and opportunity for anger release determine cardiovascular reaction to and recovery from anger provocation.

This study represents an extension of Hokanson's research, which showed that for men anger release after provocation tends to accelerate cardiovascular recovery. The objective of this study was to investigate how gender and habitual style for anger-in or anger-out behavior modulate the effect of anger provocation and release. Male and female subjects (N = 105) were classified as anger-in/anger-out only when a double criterion (i.e., self-report and peer evaluation) was satisfied. Following a state anger rating at pre-test, subjects were harassed during the performance of a 12-minute math task. After task completion, subjects were randomly assigned to one of two 10-minute recovery protocols a) having an opportunity to release negative affect, and b) not not having such an opportunity. All groups (including the anger-ins) that had an opportunity to express negative affect did in fact express similar levels of anger. Men reacted more strongly to the math task performed under anger provocation on all cardiovascular indices. Anger expression style as a trait-type disposition was important for the recovery process in women whereas the situational manipulation (i.e., the opportunity to release anger) had specific effects on the recovery process of men. Opportunity to release anger facilitated heart rate recovery (and to a lesser degree diastolic pressure recovery) in men but not in women. Women with anger-in tendencies on the other hand displayed better systolic pressure recovery than female anger-outs whereas no such effects were observed in men.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1993

[An analysis of the correlation between trait related anger variables of the STAXI and situational anger reaction in an anger experiment].

In our study we investigated the relationship between anger variables, which are supposed to be stable, and situational variables measured in an experimental setting (EISI-experiment: Experimentally induced stress in dyadic interactions). The correlations of questionnaire data (STAXI: State-trait-anger expression inventory) with self-reported and observed emotions in the anger experiment are presented. Furthermore, we discuss emotional reactions also under the perspective of buffering effects of attributions, that were stimulated during a failure situation in our experiment. Based on the theory of Weiner, we examined the influence of attribution processes on emotional behavior. The effects of this variation are especially interesting under the aspect of the anger process during the experiment. Persons with a low anger-trait are more stimulated by attribution processes than are subjects with high anger-trait scores. Apparently persons with low anger-trait scores get angrier when their cognitive interpretations of the negative outcome is stimulated. These findings are theoretically discussed.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anger management style and hostility among patients with chronic pain: effects on symptom-specific physiological reactivity during anger- and sadness-recall interviews.

OBJECTIVES: We examined whether anger-in, anger-out, and hostility predicted symptom-specific muscle tension reactivity during anger induction (but not sadness induction) among patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). For patients with CLBP, relevant muscles are the lower paraspinals (LPs). Anger-in x hostility and anger-out x hostility interactions were tested to determine whether particularly reactive groups of patients could be identified with a multivariable profile approach. METHODS: Ninety-four patients with CLBP underwent anger recall (ARI) and sadness recall (SRI) interviews, whereas LP and trapezius electromyography and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded. They completed anger-in, anger-out, hostility, and trait anger measures. RESULTS: Hierarchical regressions were used to test anger-in x hostility and anger-out x hostility interactions for physiological changes during the ARI and SRI. A significant anger-in x hostility interaction was found for LP change during the ARI (but not SRI) such that high anger-in/high hostility patients evinced the greatest reactivity. Effects for trapezius reactivity were nonsignificant. Significant anger-in x hostility interactions were also found for systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure changes during the ARI such that high anger-in/low hostility patients showed the smallest changes. The anger-out x hostility interaction for diastolic blood pressure change during ARI was also significant such that high anger-out/low hostility patients showed the smallest changes. All effects remained significant with trait anger controlled. CONCLUSIONS: A multivariable profile approach may help identify especially vulnerable patient groups. Patients with CLBP who tend to suppress anger and are cynically hostile may be more likely to experience high levels of muscle tension near the site of pain and injury during anger, but not during sadness, than other groups.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Validity and reliability of the Japanese version of the selected anger expression scale and age, sex, occupation and regional differences in anger expression among Japanese.

To examine the reliability and construct validity of the Japanese version of the Anger Expression Scale among four Japanese communities, and to examine distributions of anger expression scores according to sex, age, occupation, and community, we performed a cross-sectional study among 1,802 men and 3,229 women aged 20-70 in four geographic populations in 1995-97. We handed a self-administered questionnaire, which was selected from the Spielberger Anger Expression Scale, to the participants in the risk factor surveys and measured anger-in and anger-out as the anger expression scale. These scales had high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.97-0.98 for anger-out and 0.77-0.86 for anger-in) and were of almost the same structure as the original. The Pearson correlation coefficients for the anger expression scale examined in 1995 and 1996 were 0.69 for anger-out and 0.57 for anger-in (both p < 0.001). The mean scores of both anger-out and anger-in were inversely associated with age. The mean anger-out score was higher for men than for women (p < 0.001), whereas the mean anger-in score did not vary significantly between the sexes. Furthermore, the mean scores of anger-out and anger-in varied among populations and occupational groups. The present study suggests that the Japanese version of the selected Anger Expression Scale is an acceptable scale for evaluating anger expression among Japanese.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[The relation of trait anger and anger expression to cardiovascular responses and depression in middle-aged Korean women].

PURPOSE: This study was designed to examine the relation of trait anger and anger expression to blood pressure, cholesterol, and depression in middle-aged Korean women. METHODS: This descriptive correlational design was conducted using a convenient sample taken from the health center of K University Hospital located in Kyungki province, Korea. The subjects were 252 women aged 40 to 64 years. Spielberger's state trait anger expression inventory--Korean version and Beck's depression inventory were used for measuring trait anger, state anger, anger expression and depression. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, Pearson correlation, two-way ANOVA, and cluster analysis using a pc-SAS program. RESULTS: The anger expression types by cluster analysis were Anger out/in type, Low anger expression type, and Anger control type. The level of cholesterol and depression were significantly higher in women with high anger in and high trait anger. In addition, the level of depression was significantly higher in women with a high anger temperament. CONCLUSIONS: Trait anger and anger in might be related to cholesterol and depression in women. However, this study does not reveal the relation between blood pressure and trait anger and anger expression.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The outward expression of anger, the inward experience of anger and CVR: the role of vocal expression.

Two hypotheses were tested: (1) that only the outward expression of anger, not its mere experience, is associated with heightened cardiovascular reactivity; and (2) that the discussion of anger-arousing experiences in a mood incongruent speech style (soft and slow) attenuates the subjective experience of anger and its cardiovascular correlates. Each of 24 subjects participated in three experimental conditions: (1) Anger-out, in which previously experienced anger-arousing events were described loudly and quickly; (2) Anger-in, in which anger-arousing events were relived inwardly, in subject's imagination; and (3) mood-incongruent speech, in which anger-arousing events were described softly and slowly. Only the Anger-out condition was associated with high cardiovascular reactivity levels. The Anger-in and the mood-incongruent conditions were associated with near-zero and very low reactivity levels, respectively. Subjective anger ratings were highest in the Anger-out condition, moderate in the Anger-in condition, and lowest (not angry) in the mood-incongruent condition. All differences were significant. These findings suggest that the full-blown expression of anger, in all of its paraverbal intensity, is pathogenic and that the mere inner experience of anger is not.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Anger experience, styles of anger expression, sadistic personality disorder, and psychopathy in juvenile sexual homicide offenders.

Sexual homicide by juveniles is a rare phenomenon, and information regarding the psychological and behavioral characteristics of this group is limited. No studies exist which have investigated anger experience and styles of anger expression, and the relationship between anger, sadistic personality disorder, and psychopathy, in this type of youthful offender. These areas were explored by evaluating 14 juvenile sexual homicide offenders through clinical assessment, the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI), the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP), the Revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R), and review of correctional records. Descriptive information for the STAXI scales and internal consistency data are presented. Trait Anger was significantly higher than State Anger for the youth, but still comparable to adolescent norms. The difference between Anger-In and Anger-Out scale scores was not significant. Unexpectedly, Anger Control scale scores were significantly higher than Anger Out scale scores, clinically consistent with efforts by some of these boys to resist sadistic impulses. Those four (31%) participants who met criteria for sadistic personality had significantly higher Anger-Out scale scores than those without the disorder, and were also higher on Trait Anger to a marginally significant degree. Psychopathy was significantly negatively associated with Anger Control. This study is intended to contribute to the scant literature on juvenile sexual homicide, and lends some support to the validity and utility of sadistic personality disorder as a diagnosis in younger forensic populations. The findings did not support the contention that this form of violence is necessarily an outgrowth of excessive anger.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Anger, aggression, and risky behavior: a comparison of high and low anger drivers.

This research tested hypotheses from state-trait anger theory applied to anger while driving. High and low anger drivers drove equally often and as many miles, but high anger drivers reported more frequent and intense anger and more aggression and risky behavior in daily driving, greater anger in frequently occurring situations, more frequent close calls and moving violations, and greater use of hostile/aggressive and less adaptive/constructive ways of expressing anger. In low impedance simulations, groups did not differ on state anger or aggression; however, high anger drivers reported greater state anger and verbal and physical aggression in high impedance simulations. High anger drivers drove at higher speeds in low impedance simulations and had shorter times and distances to collision and were twice as likely to crash in high impedance simulations. Additionally, high anger drivers were more generally angry. Hypotheses were generally supported, and few gender differences were noted for anger and aggression.

Accidents, Traffic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Relationship of resting blood pressure and heart rate to experienced anger and expressed anger.

Forty-five nonmedicated subjects rated on analog scales the anger they experienced at home and at work (Experienced Anger). They also rated the extent to which others were aware of their anger (Expressed Anger) and the extent to which anger had been expressed in their families or origin (Family Expressed Anger). They were then physiologically monitored during a 2-min relaxation period that followed habituation to the laboratory setting. For the group as a whole, Expressed Anger was inversely related to systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure while Family Expressed Anger was inversely related to SBP only. When the sample was divided into normotensive and hypertensive subgroups, the normotensives showed significant associations between Experienced Anger and SBP, Expressed Anger and DBP, and Family Expressed Anger and SBP. The hypertensive subgroup showed no significant associations. Both males and females showed a significant association between Expressed Anger and DBP, but only females showed this relationship with SBP. It is concluded that coping with anger by conscious inhibition of its expression is associated with increases in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2006

Differences in trait anger among children with varying levels of anger expression patterns.

PROBLEM: Little research has been done with children to determine effects of using various patterns of anger expression on trait anger. The purpose was to examine differences in trait anger of children who indicated high, moderate, or low use of three patterns of anger expression. METHODS: A convenience sample of 1,060 third through sixth graders completed trait anger and patterns of expressing anger instruments. FINDINGS: High users of anger-out (anger expressed outwardly) had the highest trait anger for every grade while high users of anger-reflection/control had the lowest. CONCLUSIONS: Anger-reflection/control may be more effective than anger-out in reducing trait anger in school-age children.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2004

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala dysfunction during an anger induction positron emission tomography study in patients with major depressive disorder with anger attacks.

CONTEXT: Although a variety of functional neuroimaging studies have used emotion induction paradigms to investigate the neural basis of anger in control subjects, no functional neuroimaging studies using anger induction have been conducted in patient populations. OBJECTIVE: To study the neural basis of anger in unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder with anger attacks (MDD + A), unmedicated patients with MDD without anger attacks (MDD - A), and controls. DESIGN: We used positron emission tomography, psychophysiologic measures, and autobiographical narrative scripts in the context of an anger induction paradigm. SETTING: Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty individuals, evenly divided among the 3 study groups. INTERVENTIONS: In separate conditions, participants were exposed to anger and neutral autobiographical scripts during the positron emission tomography study. Subjective self-report and psychophysiologic data were also collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Voxelwise methods were used for analyses of regional cerebral blood flow changes for the anger vs neutral contrast within and between groups. RESULTS: Controls showed significantly (P<.001) greater regional cerebral blood flow increases in the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex during anger induction than patients with MDD + A, whereas these differences were not present in other between-group analyses. Also, in controls, an inverse relationship was demonstrated between regional cerebral blood flow changes during anger induction in the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex and left amygdala, whereas in patients with MDD + A there was a positive correlation between these brain regions during anger induction. There was no significant relationship between these brain regions during anger induction in patients with MDD - A. CONCLUSION: These results suggest a pathophysiology of MDD + A that is distinct from that of MDD - A and that may be responsible for the unique clinical presentation of patients with MDD + A.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Dimensions of anger-hostility and cardiovascular reactivity in provoked and angered men.

This study investigated the relationship between two dimensions of anger-hostility--the expression of anger-hostility and the experience of anger-hostility--and cardiovascular reactivity in provoked and angered men. A serial subtraction task was administered to 41 male undergraduates who were provoked and angered. A measure of the expression of anger-hostility correlated positively and significantly with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) reactivity. There were no significant correlations between a measure of the experience of anger-hostility and cardiovascular reactivity. The two types of anger-hostility were also found to relate differentially to life-style variables that have been identified as risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD), with only the expression of anger-hostility showing positive relationships with these life-style CHD risk factors. These findings are discussed within the context of a similar differential relationship between the two dimensions of anger-hostility and CAD and CHD. Finally, significant negative relationships were obtained between the experience of anger-hostility and resting BP and heart rate levels. These findings are discussed within the context of other data suggesting that trait anxiety-neuroticism may have protective properties.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Anger feelings and anger expression as a mediator of the effects of witnessing family violence on anxiety and depression in Japanese adolescents.

The effects of anger feelings (rated by the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory) and witnessing family violence on anxiety and depression (rated by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) were examined in 457 junior high school students. Anxiety and depression scores were correlated with frequencies of witnessing family violence. In a regression analysis, however, after controlling for the demographic variables and depression score, the anxiety score was predicted by State Anger, Anger-Out, and Anger-Control; the depression score was predicted, after controlling for the demographic and anxiety score, by State Anger, Anger-In positively, and by Anger-Out and Anger-Control negatively. Witnessing family violence failed to add significant contribution in predicting anxiety or depression. These results were generally supported by structural equation modeling. The effects of witnessing family violence on dysphoric mood may be mediated by anger feelings. The style of dysphoric mood may be predicted by the style of anger expression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Effectiveness of anger treatments for specific anger problems: a meta-analytic review.

This meta-analytic review analyzed the effects of anger treatment on various aspects of anger with 65% of studies not previously reviewed. To improve on past reviews, this review included only noninstitutionalized adults with demonstrable anger as determined by standardized measures. The studies were compiled from a computer search of published and unpublished anger treatment studies conducted between January 1980 and August 2002. The search resulted in 23 studies containing one or more treatment groups and a control group, with effect sizes derived for each anger problem within each treatment category. The meta-analysis resulted in medium to large effect sizes across therapies. Further analyses of effect sizes within treatment groups by the kind of anger reported support the implementation of cognitive therapies for driving anger, anger suppression, and trait anger. In contrast, relaxation is recommended in cases of state anger. Other implications for treatment and future research directions are discussed, including a special need for research with treatment-seeking individuals and clinical populations.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The driving anger expression inventory: a measure of how people express their anger on the road.

Four ways people express their anger when driving were identified. Verbal Aggressive Expression (alpha=0.88) assesses verbally aggressive expression of anger (e.g., yelling or cursing at another driver); Personal Physical Aggressive Expression (alpha=0.81), the ways the person uses him/herself to express anger (e.g., trying to get out and tell off or have a physical fight with another driver); Use of the Vehicle to Express Anger (alpha=0.86), the ways the person uses his/her vehicle to express anger (e.g., flashing lights at or cutting another driver off in anger); and Adaptive/Constructive Expression (alpha=0.90), the ways the person copes positively with anger (e.g., focuses on safe driving or tries to relax). Aggressive forms can be summed into Total Aggressive Expression Index (alpha=0.90). Aggressive forms of expression correlated positively with each other (rs=0.39-0.48), but were uncorrelated or correlated negatively with adaptive/constructive expression (rs=-0.02 to -0.22). Aggressive forms of anger expression correlated positively with driving-related anger, aggression, and risky behavior; adaptive/constructive expression tended to correlate negatively with these variables. Differences in the strengths of correlations and regression analyses supported discriminant and incremental validity and suggested forms of anger expression contributed differentially to understanding driving-related behaviors. Theoretical and treatment implications were explored.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Facial EMG in an anger-provoking situation: individual differences in directing anger outwards or inwards.

This study was designed to examine whether facial EMG reactions occurred while subjects experienced anger. All subjects (n = 60) were required to perform an intelligence test. Randomly chosen subjects (n = 40) received negative feedback irrespective of their actual test achievement. The remaining twenty subjects served as control group and received neutral feedback. While all subjects received their feedback, facial EMG was recorded over the mm. frontalis lateralis, corrugator supercilii, orbicularis oculi, and zygomaticus major. In addition, anger and fear self-reports were measured. Those subjects receiving negative feedback were post-hoc divided into two groups. One group comprised subjects verbally expressing their anger toward the experimenter (anger-out group, n = 19) while the other anger group comprised subjects who were angry with themselves (anger-in group, n = 18). Facial EMG reactions over the m. frontalis and m. corrugator were only evident for the anger-out group while they received negative feedback. In addition, intensity of anger self-reports were unrelated to facial EMG reactions. It is hypothesized that the anger-out group implicitly communicated with the experimenter by generating facial anger displays including mm. frontalis and corrugator EMG activity. Thus, these results were taken as evidence that facial displays are communicative tools used to communicate with an interactant although he/she is not physically present (implicit audience).

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Trait anger, anger expression, stress, and health status of American and Turkish midlife women.

In a cross-cultural study, we investigated the relationships of trait anger, anger expression modes, and stress to physical and mental health in Turkish and American midlife women. Zero-order correlations and multiple regression analyses indicated that regardless of cultural origin, stress was a strong predictor of health status. Stress was negatively related to physical health and positively related to depression. Trait anger, the angry temperament dimension of trait anger, and anger-out were positively related to depression in both American and Turkish women. The negative relationship between somatic mode of anger expression and health was also consistent for both groups. However, anger-in was positively correlated with depression only in American women; suppression of anger was unrelated to health status in Turkish women. Cross-cultural comparisons indicated that Turkish midlife women were higher in trait anger, somatic anger symptoms, perceived stress, and depression than American women. American women, on the other hand, had higher scores on physical health status. These findings are discussed with regard to theory, previous research, and sociocultural context.

Adult↗