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PubMed2005

The Japanese artificial organs scene: current status.

Artificial organs and regenerative medicine are the subjects of very active research and development (R&D) in Japan and various artificial organs are widely used in patients. Results of the R&D are presented at the annual conference of the Japanese Society for Artificial Organs (JSAO). Progress in the fields of artificial organs and regenerative medicine are reviewed annually in the Japanese Journal of Artificial Organs. The official English-language journal of JSAO, Journal of Artificial Organs, also publishes many original articles by Japanese researchers. Although the annual conference and the publications of JSAO provide the world with update information on artificial organs and regenerative medicine in Japan, the information is not always understood appropriately in the rest of the world, mainly due to language problems. This article therefore introduces the current status of artificial organs and regenerative medicine in Japan. Artificial hearts and metabolic support systems are reviewed here and other interesting areas such as regenerative medicine can be found elsewhere.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Artificial organs versus regenerative medicine: is it true?

Individuals engaged in the fields of artificial kidney and artificial heart have often mistakenly stated that "the era of artificial organs is over; regenerative medicine is the future." Contrarily, we do not believe artificial organs and regenerative medicine are different medical technologies. As a matter of fact, artificial organs developed during the last 50 years have been used as a bridge to regeneration. The only difference between regenerative medicine and artificial organs is that artificial organs for the bridge to regeneration promote tissue regeneration in situ, instead of outside the body (for example, vascular prostheses, neuroprostheses, bladder substitutes, skin prostheses, bone prostheses, cartilage prostheses, ligament prostheses, etc.). All of these artificial organs are successful because tissue regeneration over a man-made prosthesis is established inside the patient's body (artificial organs to support regeneration). Another usage of the group of artificial organs for the bridge to regeneration is to sustain the functions of the patient's diseased organs during the regeneration process of the body's healthy tissues and/or organs. This particular group includes artificial kidney, hepatic assist, respiratory assist, and circulatory assist. Proof of regeneration of these healthy tissues and/or organs is demonstrated in the short-term recovery of end-stage organ failure patients (artificial organs for bridge to regeneration). A third group of artificial organs for the bridge to regeneration accelerates the regenerating process of the patient's healthy tissues and organs. This group includes neurostimulators, artificial blood (red cells) blood oxygenators, and plasmapheresis devices, including hemodiafiltrators. So-called "therapeutic artificial organs" fall into this category (artificial organs to accelerate regeneration). Thus, almost all of today's artificial organs are useful in the bridge to regeneration of healthy natural tissues and organs. It does not matter whether these tissues are cultivated inside or outside the patient's body. Thus, we strongly believe in the need for joint development programs between artificial organ technologies and regenerative medicine technologies. In particular, the importance of using both man-made substitute organ technologies and natural tissue-derived substitute organ technologies is stressed for improved medical care in the future.

Artificial Organs↗
PubMed1997

Implant science of artificial organ: design for success.

Although many artificial organs have come to be used clinically, there still remain many problems such as thrombus formation, calcification, infection, malfunction, etc., that sometimes expose the patient to danger. One of the causes of these damages is that we do not know the true mechanisms of these phenomena. In other words, the design criteria of implant devices have not yet been established under scientific basis. It is very important that we artificial organ researchers and manufacturers establish the implant science of artificial organs. In this paper, mention is made of the kinds of factors we should consider for the design of artificial organs and how we should approach them scientifically. Also introduced is our approach method for an implantable total artificial heart.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Artificial organs and transplantation.

Nowadays artificial devices are not able to totally and undefinitely replace the loss of function of all vital organs and artificial organs can be used only to bridge the time to transplantation, which must be considered the first choice in the therapeutical approach for many chronic diseases. Since general population aging process is leading to an increase of organ demand, the gap between performed and requested transplantation is hard to fill. Xenotransplantation is nowadays only an experimental alternative solution and we have to do our best using available artificial organs to increase and improve the survival of patients waiting for transplantation. In this meeting we particularly dealt about organ function replacing therapy, especially regarding the kidney, heart, liver, pancreas and ear.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A two layer model for the effects of blood contact on membrane transport in artificial organs.

The performance of many artificial organs can be strongly affected by the transport characteristics of the semi-permeable membranes used in these devices, but there is little data on the effects of blood contact on membrane transport properties. Experimental data were obtained for the solute flux through cellulosic, polyacrylonitrile, and polyethersulfone membranes using polydispersed dextrans. Blood contact had a very large effect on diffusive solute transport through the asymmetric polyethersulfone membranes, but only a small effect on diffusion through the symmetric AN69 and Cuprophan membranes. In contrast, blood contact caused a similar reduction in convective solute transport (sieving) through both the polyethersulfone and AN69 membranes. Convective transport through the blood contacted membranes was also dependent on the flow direction, with greater transport obtained when the membrane was oriented with the blood contacted surface downstream. These data were analyzed using a two layer membrane model consisting of an upper layer of blood cells and proteins adsorbed to the surface of the native membrane. This model accurately accounted for the different effects of blood contact on convection and diffusion, as well as the observed asymmetry in convective solute transport. These results have important implications for the analysis of solute transport in artificial organs.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed2003

Recent progress in artificial organ research at Tohoku University.

Tohoku University has developed various artificial organs over the last 30 years. Pneumatic driven ventricular assist devices with a silicone ball valve have been designed by the flow visualization method, and clinical trials have been performed in Tohoku University Hospital. On the basis of these developments, a pneumatic driven total artificial heart has been developed and an animal experimental evaluation was conducted. The development of artificial organs in Tohoku University has now progressed to the totally implantable type using the transcutaneous energy transmission system with amorphous fibers for magnetic shielding. Examples of implantable systems include a vibrating flow pump for ventricular assist device, an artificial myocardium by the use of shape memory alloy with Peltier elements, and an artificial sphincter for patients with a stoma. An automatic control system for artificial organs had been developed for the ventricular assist devices including a rotary blood pump to avoid suction and to maintain left and right heart balance. Based upon the technology of automatic control algorithm, a new diagnostic tool for evaluating autonomic nerve function has been developed as a branch of artificial organ research and this new machine has been tested in Tohoku University Hospital. Tohoku University is following a variety of approaches aimed at innovation in artificial organs and medical engineering fields.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMed2001

Artificial organs and vanishing boundaries.

With the first clinical use of the artificial kidney over 5 decades ago, we entered into a new era of medicine-that of substitutive and replacement therapy. Yet it took nearly another 15 years until chronic treatment was possible and nearly another 15 years until widespread treatment was possible due to government support. The history of development and clinical use of other artificial organ technologies such as the artificial heart and heart valves, the artificial lung, artificial blood, joint replacements, the artificial liver, the artificial pancreas, immunologic, metabolic, and neurologic support, neurocontrol, and tissue substitutes have followed similar long development paths. Despite their relatively long time to be put into clinical use, the contributions of artificial organ technologies to the betterment of mankind have been unquestionably a major success. For example, modern day surgery would not be possible without heart-lung support, and the technologies for heart support have led to the development of various minimally invasive technologies. The powerful impact that artificial organ technologies presently has on our lives is seen through the statistic that in the U.S.A. nearly 1 in 10 persons is living with an implanted medical device. With the aging of our population and the improvements in technologies, these numbers will only increase.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

5th WAA Congress therapeutic artificial organs, 10 years after.

In 1983, more than 10 years ago, the concept of therapeutic artificial organs was proposed by this author. Currently developments of various types of immunomodulation technologies are well established, and therapeutic artificial organs for the treatment of autoimmunodiseases have become a well-accepted concept. It is this author's opinion that if we utilize apheresis technologies properly we should be able to prevent the aging process of mankind. Physical youth, and perhaps mental youth, can be achieved by apheresis technologies. However, in order to maintain youth and enjoy a high quality of life, it is essential to maintain a strong will to live. In this paper a new type of an artificial organ is proposed. This antiaging artificial organ is named "Juzo," the organ for a longer life, in Japanese, by this author.

Aging↗
PubMed1987

[Status of organ transplantation of the kidney, liver and small intestine: aspects of biological and artificial organ replacement].

Substitution of all functions of an organ failure is characteristic for organ transplantation, whilst artificial organ supply is confined to some essential functions. But technical organ substitution would be unlimited in performance, in contrast to organ transplantation, which depends on availability of human organs. Thus, according to the example in substitution of renal failure, those, organ transplantation and technical organ supply have to be worked out furthermore in other organ systems, thus in liver and small intestine substitution. In future, technical supply will change to biotechnical methods and organ grafting will develop to a long lasting therapeutic procedure.

Artificial Organs↗
PubMed2004

International Center for Medical Technologies acknowledges Artificial Organ Pioneers at the ASAIO-ISAO Joint Congress in 2003.

The International Center for Medical Technologies (ICMT), a museum for artificial organs in Houston, Texas, officially opened in November 2002, as previously published in Artificial Organs 2003;27(9):821-32. The museum expanded its original activities to formulate the International Academy for Artificial Organ Pioneers (Academy) and the International Faculty for Health and Medical Technologies (Faculty). At the joint American Society for Artificial Internal Organs (ASAIO) and International Society for Artificial Organs (ISAO) Congress in Washington, DC on June 18, 2003, Yukihiko Nosé introduced the ICMT and its formulation. The activities and future perspectives were presented by the ICMT Museum Director, Steven Phillips; the Academy Dean, Lowell Harmison; and the Faculty Dean, Michael E. DeBakey.

Academies and Institutes↗