Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “AI agents”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

n-Butanol induces depolymerization of microtubules in vivo and in vitro.

The effects of butanol on microtubules (MTs) were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Fragmentation of cortical MTs was induced by n-butanol, but not by s- and t-butanols, in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells. Taxol prevented n-butanol-induced MT fragmentation. Fragmented cortical MTs were still attached to the inner face of the plasma membrane when n-butanol-treated protoplasts were ruptured on the slide glass. Moreover, MTs were depolymerized in the presence of n-butanol in vitro. Therefore, n-butanol is not only an activator of phospholipase D but also an effective MT-depolymerizing agent.

1-Butanol↗
PubMed2005

Porous PLGA microparticles: AI-700, an intravenously administered ultrasound contrast agent for use in echocardiography.

The production and characterization of AI-700, an intravenously administered ultrasound contrast agent under investigation for myocardial perfusion echocardiography, are described. The product consists of small, porous microparticles filled with decafluorobutane gas, and formulated as a dry powder. Small scale spray drying studies demonstrated that porous PLGA microparticles could be produced with varying porosity using ammonium bicarbonate as a volatile pore-forming agent. The porous microparticles of AI-700 were created aseptically by spray drying a water-in-oil emulsion containing poly-d,l-lactide-co-glycolide, 1,2-diarachidoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, and ammonium bicarbonate using a two-chamber spray dryer. The porous microparticles were further formulated into a dry powder drug product (AI-700) containing decafluorobutane gas and excipients. The dry powder was reconstituted with sterile water prior to evaluation. Microscopy demonstrated that the microparticles were sphere-shaped and internally porous. The microparticles were appropriately sized for intravenous administration, having an average diameter of 2.3 mum. Zeta-potential analysis demonstrated that the microparticles would be expected to be stable post-reconstitution. The microparticles retained encapsulated gas post-reconstitution, had high acoustic potency that was stable over time and were physically stable upon exposure to high-power ultrasound, as used clinically. AI-700 has the characteristics desirable for an intravenously administered ultrasound contrast agent for myocardial perfusion echocardiography.

Contrast Media↗
PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence agents and agentic artificial intelligence applied to precision medicine.

Precision medicine seeks to individualise care by integrating multimodal biomedical data, yet most deployed clinical artificial intelligence (AI) remains assistive, providing predictions without managing workflows or adapting autonomously. Agentic AI, built on large language models (LLMs), has emerged as a paradigm characterised by autonomy, goal-directed reasoning, memory, planning and tool use. This review synthesises evidence on agentic AI and LLMs applied to precision medicine, encompassing drug discovery, genomics, oncology, rare disease diagnostics and clinical pharmacology. This review also examines architectural components, recent validation milestones and emerging challenges, including hallucination, sociodemographic bias and evolving regulatory frameworks across the FDA, the EU AI Act and the WHO.

agentic AI↗
PubMed2006

AI-700 pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and exhaled elimination kinetics in rats.

The purpose of these studies was to determine the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and exhaled elimination kinetics in rats for intravenously administered AI-700, which consists of porous microspheres containing decafluorobutane (DFB), for use as an ultrasound contrast agent. [Pd]-AI-700 was administered intravenously to rats (10 mg microspheres/kg). Blood and tissue samples collected at specified times were analyzed for palladium by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). AI-700 was also administered intravenously to rats (40 mg microspheres/kg) and expired air was collected over time. Expired air samples were analyzed for DFB by validated adsorbent trapping-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry methodology. Pd from [Pd]-AI-700 was cleared from blood with a ca. 50-85% decline from peak concentration within 5 min. At 1440 min post-dose, 52-72% of the Pd dose was recovered from organs of the reticuloendothelial system. Approximately 77% of the intravenously injected DFB was found in expired air within 3h after dosing, with most of the DFB dose (61+/-6%) expired within the first 10 min after dosing. As expected, the microspheres were cleared through the reticuloendothelial system, and the DFB was eliminated in expired air, with more than half of the DFB eliminated within the first 10 min after dosing.

Air↗
PubMed1994

A comparison of aerosol and intragastric routes of infection with Listeria spp.

Aerosol infection (AI) of Porton outbred mice with Listeria species, exhibiting varying degrees of virulence, was compared with gastric intubation (GI) on the basis of numbers of deaths, 50% lethal dose (LD50) and pattern of listerial infection. The AI route appeared to be more sensitive, efficient and consistent than GI in that it required 10(5) fewer micro-organisms to obtain infection and death then ensued within 4 days, with GI deaths usually occurring on day 7. All the virulent strains tested caused 100% mortality by AI, while virulent and avirulent strains were indistinguishable by GI. Bacterial counts in the livers and spleens of infected mice were consistent with the relative virulence of the infectious agent using AI but not in GI mice. There were higher numbers of micro-organisms and more widespread lesions in the organs of AI mice than in GI. Results indicate that AI is an accurate in vivo indicator of virulence in listeria and using AI, bacterial counts in the liver and spleen could replace LD50 tests, thereby reducing the number of animals required for in vivo virulence testing.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2026

Pharmacogenomic and drug interactions risk in cardio-oncology: A precision medicine perspective for India.

Cardio-oncology patients may face complex treatment regimens due to the concurrent existence of cancer and cardiovascular disease, leading to a considerable polypharmacy burden. This significantly increases the prospect of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and gene-drug interactions. The majority of these interactions arise from comparable pharmacokinetic and pharmacological pathways associated with drug transporters and cytochrome P450 enzymes. The significance of pharmacogenomics in tailored treatment strategies are emphasised by the fact that genetic variability enhances individual differences in drug response, safety, and efficacy. This narrative review focus on the effects of key genetic polymorphisms (e.g., DPYD, CYP2C19, and CYP2C9) on the metabolism and efficacy of commonly prescribed anticancer and cardiovascular medications such as fluoropyrimidines, clopidogrel, and warfarin. In addition it explore the role of pharmacogenomic variants on drug-drug interactions within the field of cardio-oncology. The study ultimately emphasizes the necessity of precision medicine in India to address the genetic diversity and underrepresentation in global genomic databases. The absence of pharmacogenomic testing, infrastructural deficiencies, financial constraints, and insufficient clinical integration hinder the widespread use of this technology in India. The Genome India Project and other national initiatives establish the foundation for pharmacogenomic-guided therapy. Utilizing genetic data, together with artificial intelligence-based predictive tools, for clinical decision-making may enhance medication safety and yield optimal outcomes in Indian cardio-oncology patients.

Humans↗
PubMed2005

The future of fulvestrant ("Faslodex").

Changes in clinical practice regarding favoured first-line and adjuvant treatments for postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer (ABC) mean that it is becoming increasingly important to identify agents that are effective following aromatase inhibitor (AI) failure as well as tamoxifen failure. Fulvestrant ("Faslodex") is a new oestrogen receptor (ER) antagonist with no agonist effects that binds, blocks and degrades the ER. Fulvestrant is at least as effective as anastrozole following tamoxifen failure and also shows activity after progression on AIs. Its very good tolerability profile and novel mode of action, might offer potential for the use of fulvestrant in combination regimens, and there is also scope for investigating the use of loading and higher dose regimens in an attempt to further enhance efficacy. Here, the rationale and evidence for the efficacy of fulvestrant following AI failure and its combination with AIs and novel agents such as gefitinib and trastuzumab will be reviewed. The ongoing clinical development programme for fulvestrant will more fully the role of this valuable new agent in the treatment of postmenopausal ABC.

Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols↗
PubMed2004

First-line endocrine treatment of breast cancer: aromatase inhibitor or antioestrogen?

Until recently, endocrine therapy for breast cancer was relatively simple. If the tumour expressed hormone receptors, regardless of stage and age, tamoxifen was indicated. While this largely remains the case for premenopausal women, clinical trials in postmenopausal women have broadened our choice to include one of three selective aromatase inhibitors (AIs), the nonsteroidal agents anastrozole or letrozole and the steroidal agent exemestane. Comparative data concerning the efficacy, toxicity, tolerability and cost of AI vs tamoxifen continues to evolve with over 40 000 women slated to be involved in clinical trials. Currently, tamoxifen remains an appropriate choice for adjuvant treatment, and will remain so unless a clear survival advantage emerges for adjuvant AI therapy. However, anastrozole is widely seen as a useful alternative, with particular merit for patients prone to the development of serious tamoxifen side effects. For endocrine therapy naïve advanced disease, several trials have provided evidence that a nonsteroidal AI has replaced tamoxifen as optimal treatment. In the neoadjuvant setting, letrozole was also more effective than tamoxifen, both in terms of response rates and the incidence of breast-conserving surgery, and so AI therefore also dominates this evolving indication. The ongoing adjuvant clinical trials ask all the relevant questions regarding tamoxifen and AI in combination, sequence and duration, except for 5 years of an AI vs a longer period. For both the advanced and early-stage disease, resistance remains the key obstacle to overcome, and trials that combine endocrine agents with signal transduction inhibitors such as HER1 and HER2 kinase inhibitors, farnesyl transferase inhibitors, mTOR inhibitors as well as COX2 inhibitors are being developed in a concerted attempt to address this problem.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Effects of lovastatin and gemfibrozil on high-density lipoprotein subfraction density and composition in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.

The effects of gemfibrozil and lovastatin treatment on composition and hydrated density distribution of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were studied in 21 patients with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia with the use of HDL density gradient ultracentrifugation. At baseline the patients with familial hypercholesterolemia had a markedly reduced or missing HDL2 subfraction and their HDL3 was more dense with reduced content of cholesteryl ester and increased content of triglyceride compared with HDL of control subjects with normal lipid values. Gemfibrozil and lovastatin caused primarily similar alterations in HDL components in HDL2 and HDL3 subfractions. Both agents increased apolipoprotein AI and apolipoprotein AII concentrations significantly in HDL2, whereas the apolipoprotein changes in HDL3 were relatively smaller. The difference between the effects of these two agents was related to the HDL lipid composition. Gemfibrozil increased the cholesterol concentrations of HDL2 and HDL3 (p less than 0.05 for both), and lovastatin caused significant increases in HDL2 (p less than 0.05) and HDL3 phospholipids (p less than 0.01). The observed similarity of qualitative alterations in HDL subfractions produced by these two agents in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia differs from those reported in other types of hyperlipidemia and is probably a consequence of the basic abnormalities in HDL that are characteristic of familial hypercholesterolemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Adjuvant endocrine therapy in postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: where are we now?

Tamoxifen has been the standard of care for adjuvant endocrine therapy of early breast cancer. In postmenopausal women, data now suggest that alternative agents (aromatase inhibitors [AIs]) may have improved long-term risk:benefit profiles and thus have the potential to improve outcome. The 'Arimidex', Tamoxifen, alone or in combination (ATAC) trial has shown that anastrozole provides improved disease-free survival (DFS) and time to recurrence, significantly reduced time to distant metastases and superior overall tolerability compared with tamoxifen when used as initial adjuvant therapy. Results have already led to a reconsideration of current recommendations for adjuvant therapy. Other ongoing trials include studies that are evaluating the benefits of sequencing of endocrine agents both within the standard 5-year adjuvant treatment period and as additional therapy in the post-adjuvant period. Three recently reported trials have suggested that switching from tamoxifen to an AI after 2-3 years of treatment leads to better outcomes than 5 years of tamoxifen. Finally, the NCIC MA 17 trial has shown that switching to an AI after 5 years of tamoxifen improves DFS compared with placebo. These are momentous discoveries that have improved our biological understanding and will inevitably change the management of breast cancer in the near future.

Anastrozole↗
PubMed2006

S-allylcysteine, a water-soluble garlic derivative, suppresses the growth of a human androgen-independent prostate cancer xenograft, CWR22R, under in vivo conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of S-allylcysteine (SAC) on CWR22R, a human androgen-independent (AI) prostate cancer xenograft, in nude mice. Despite extensive research worldwide there is no effective way to control the growth of prostate cancer, and we previously reported that SAC and S-allylmercaptocysteine (SAMC), two water-soluble derivatives of garlic, inhibit cancer cell invasion through restoration of E-cadherin expression in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The effects of SAC on tumour cell proliferation markers such as Ki-67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and apoptotic regulators including Bcl-2 and cleaved caspase-3, were assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The inhibitory effects of SAC on prostate cancer invasion was examined by immunoreactivity of E-cadherin and its binding proteins alpha, beta and gamma-catenins. The serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level at three different times (initiation, middle and end of treatment) and toxicity of SAC on several organs after treatment were assessed. RESULTS: Treatment with SAC resulted in inhibition of the growth of CWR22R, with no detectable toxic effect on nude mice. The SAC-induced growth reduction was correlated with a concurrent reduction in serum PSA level and proliferation rate of xenografts, together with an inhibition of invasion through the restoration of E-cadherin and gamma-catenin expression. Furthermore, the apoptotic rate of SAC-treated tumours increased together with a decrease in Bcl-2 and increase in cleaved caspase-3. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that this garlic-derived compound might be a potential therapeutic agent for suppressing AI prostate cancer.

Androgens↗
PubMed2026

APOM-associated inflammation and apoptosis in stroke-exacerbated myocardial infarction: implications for brain-heart interactions.

Brain-heart syndrome (BHS) describes cardiac dysfunction secondary to central nervous system injury, with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) serving as a critical driver that exacerbates myocardial infarction (MI). This study aimed to elucidate the role of Apolipoprotein M (APOM) in stroke-aggravated MI and to explore its underlying systemic and molecular mechanisms. Clinical data were analyzed to evaluate the correlation between stroke and MI. A combined mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and MI was established to assess neurological and cardiac injury. Quantitative proteomics and Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) were employed to screen key differentially expressed proteins. The role of APOM in myocardial injury was validated using APOM-knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation, immunofluorescence, and Western blot were performed to investigate its effects on the Saa1 and NF-κB signaling, NLRP3-related inflammatory signaling pathway, and lipid metabolism pathways. Clinical analysis indicated that stroke is a significant risk factor for MI (OR = 4.5). In the mouse model, MCAO significantly exacerbated post-MI electrocardiographic abnormalities, myocardial inflammatory response, while elevating circulating levels of cTnT and IL-1β. Proteomics identified a significant downregulation of APOM in the heart, brain, and serum post-stroke, a trend consistent with observations in AIS patients. Further experiments revealed that APOM deficiency markedly worsened cardiac conduction disturbances, histological damage, and inflammatory responses in MI mice. Mechanistically, the loss of APOM upregulates the acute-phase protein Saa1, triggers NF-κB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation, and enhances inflammatory signaling related to inflammasomes, while simultaneously mediating cytokine release from cardiomyocytes. Concurrently, APOM deficiency led to a significant decrease in sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and also caused myocardial lipid droplet accumulation and metabolite changes. Additionally, the loss of APOM increased the expression of D-dimer and fibrinogen family proteins. Our findings suggest that APOM is a potential cardioprotective agent post-AIS. Downregulation of APOM may exacerbate myocardial injury after MI by elevating Saa1 expression, activating the NF-κB pathway and the inflammasome-mediated signaling, and inducing lipid metabolic disorders and coagulation-associated alterations. APOM may represent a potential therapeutic target for the intervention of brain-heart syndrome.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Applicability of the intratumor aromatase preclinical model to predict clinical trial results with endocrine therapy.

Preclinical models and clinical studies have shown that aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are powerful inhibitors of estrogen synthesis and significantly suppress estrogen in vivo. For more than 20 years, standard first-line treatment for postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer has been the antiestrogen tamoxifen, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with differential effects on breast, endometrial, bone, and vascular tissues. The estrogenic activity of tamoxifen is associated with deleterious clinical side effects, including vaginal bleeding, endometrial cancer, and thromboembolism. AIs are established second-line treatments in patients who progress with tamoxifen. Compared with progestins, such as megestrol acetate, or the earlier AIs aminoglutethimide and fadrozole, the new AIs, including exemestane, anastrozole, and letrozole, have increased efficacy and clinical benefit and cause fewer side effects in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Letrozole and anastrozole are approved first-line therapy for patients with metastatic breast cancer and as second-line treatment after tamoxifen failure. Studies in the intratumoral aromatase xenograft preclinical model have shown better responses with AIs than with antiestrogens in first-line therapy, and these data are consistent with the results from clinical trials. This model is now being used to assess whether combined or sequential administration of AIs with other agents may provide additional benefit.

Anastrozole↗
PubMed2001

Indoor thermal fogging application of pesguard FG 161, a mixture of d-tetramethrin and cyphenothrin, using portable sprayer against vector mosquitoes in the tropical environment.

Indoor bioefficacy of the thermal fogging application of Pesguard FG 161, a formulation containing both knockdown and killing agents (active ingredient [AI]: d-tetramethrin 4% [w/w] and cyphenothrin 12% [w/w]) was compared with Resigen5 (AI: s-bioallethrin 0.8% [w/w], permethrin 125/75] 18.7% [w/w], and piperonyl butoxide 16.8% [w/w]), another pyrethroid formulation, as larvicides and adulticides against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Anopheles sinensis, and Culex quinquefasciatus using a portable Agrofog AF35 sprayer indoors in houses on Penang Island, Malaysia. Pesguard FG 161 at the concentrations tested was effective against all 4 mosquito species tested. The water-based Pesguard FG 161 performed far better as a larvicide than the diesel-based formulation. Resigen was also effective as a larvicide and adulticide against all 4 mosquito species tested. Larvae of Ae. aegypti were most susceptible to water-based Pesguard FG 161, followed by Cx. quinquefasciatus, An. sinensis, and Ae. albopictus. Even at the lowest concentrations tested, Pesguard FG 161 showed adequate adulticidal properties. At higher dosages, water-based Pesguard FG 161 proved effective as a larvicide against all 4 mosquito species.

Aedes↗
PubMed2004

Rapid review of liquid-based smears as a quality control measure.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a standardized method of rapid review (RR) of monolayer preparations for the identification of abnormalities, the presence of an endocervical component and infectious agents. A total of 200 ThinPrep (Cytyc, Boxborough, MA) slides representing the spectrum of abnormalities commonly encountered in cervical/vaginal cytologic specimens was retrieved from archive. The study set comprised 129 cases within normal limits (WNL); 36 low-grade epithelial abnormalities (LGEA); 28 high-grade epithelial abnormalities (HGEA), including 2 endocervical adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS) and 7 carcinomas. Eighteen false negative (FN) cases were also included for study. Originally missed on initial review, these cases were found to be abnormal on quality control review (17 LGEA; 1 AIS). Commonly encountered infectious agents were represented and included Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, herpes simplex virus, and Actinomyces. The slides were reviewed using a standardized method of RR (turret technique, for 60 sec) by three experienced screeners masked to the original reference diagnosis. Median sensitivity for LGEA was 70% (range, 67-72%); HGEA, 69% (range, 54-80%); and FN, 65% (range, 56-78%). Specificity remained high, median specificity for LGEA was 95%; HGEA, 97%; and FN, 100%. There was no significant overcalling of any diagnostic category. The chi-square test at P < 0.05 showed no significant difference between RR and full manual rescreen of the ThinPrep smears in this study. While no statistical difference was proven, the sensitivity measurements for all categories of abnormality were moderate due to the high proportion of atypical cases included into the study set. Abnormalities on the monolayer preparations frequently displayed fewer, smaller groups of disaggregated cells with rounded cytoplasmic outlines that were difficult to discern on RR. Interobserver variation was noted. Monolayers with a paucity of diagnostic cells and those displaying subtle nuclear atypia were often overlooked.

False Negative Reactions↗
PubMed1995

IDPH-8261--a new nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent.

IDPH-8261, methyl alpha-methyl-4-(3-thienyl)benzeneacetate, exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity in acute, subacute and chronic models of inflammation. In rats, IDPH-8261 exhibited a dose related inhibition of carrageenin-induced rat paw edema and the inhibition was greater than ibuprofen, phenylbutazone, but was three times less than indomethacin. It exhibited anti-inflammatory activity in normal and adrenalectomized rats. It also exhibited the activity against various phlogistic agents. IDPH-8261 exhibited AI activity in subacute granuloma tests. In adjuvant-induced established polyarthritis. IDPH-8261 exhibited anti-arthritic effect at a very low dose (ED50 = 4 mg/kg, p.o.). Ulcerogenic liability was the lowest (UD50 = 180 mg/kg, p.o.), when compared to reference standard drugs. Low toxicity and high efficacy may make this compound a potentially useful therapeutic agent.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Cogan syndrome: studies in thirteen patients, long-term follow-up, and a review of the literature.

Typical Cogan syndrome (CS) is a disease of young adults consisting of flares of interstitial keratitis (IK) and sudden onset of Ménière-like attacks. The prognosis of typical CS is excellent with life-threatening aortic insufficiency (AI) developing in only 10% of reported cases. Serious systemic necrotizing vasculitis (SNV) rarely, if ever, complicates typical CS. Atypical S (vestibuloauditory dysfunction with types of inflammatory eye disease other than IK) frequently overlaps other defined rheumatologic syndromes, is associated with vasculitis in 21% of cases, and carries a less favorable prognosis than typical CS. Topical ocular corticosteroids can usually control IK, and a short trial of systemic corticosteroids is warranted as soon as possible after the onset of hearing loss. SNV should be treated initially with prednisone and may also require the administration of cytotoxic agents, while aortitis and AI can be controlled with the administration of prednisone and surgical replacement of the aortic valve.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal breast cancer in the era of aromatase inhibitors: an update.

There is overwhelming evidence that optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy for hormone sensitive breast cancer in postmenopausal women should include a third generation aromatase inhibitor (AI). On current evidence, adjuvant anstrozole or letrozole should be used upfront in such patients especially in those with high risk disease (node positive and/or tumours > 2 cm). The sequential approach of tamoxifen for 2-3 years followed by exemestane or anastrozole for 2-3 years is a reasonable alternative to 5 years of AI monotherapy in patients with low risk disease (node negative and tumour smaller than 2 cm) especially if the tumour is positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors.Node-positive patients completing 5 years of adjuvant tamoxifen should be offered letrozole for up 48 months. Further research is required to establish the long-term cardiovascular safety of AIs especially that of letrozole and exmestane, the optimal AI to use, duration of AI therapy and whether monotherapy with an AI for 5 years is superior to sequencing an AI after 2-3 years of tamoxifen. The bone mineral density (BMD) should be measured at baseline and monitored during therapy in women being treated with AIs. Anti-osteoporosis agents should such as bisphosphonates should be considered in patients at high risk of bone fractures.

Editorial↗