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PubMed2004

Migration of medical image data archived using mini-PACS to full-PACS.

This study evaluated the migration to full-PACS of medical image data archived using mini-PACS at two hospitals of the Yonsei University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea. A major concern in the migration of medical data is to match the image data from the mini-PACS with the hospital OCS (Ordered Communication System). Prior to carrying out the actual migration process, the principles, methods, and anticipated results for the migration with respect to both cost and effectiveness were evaluated. Migration gateway workstations were established and a migration software tool was developed. The actual migration process was performed based on the results of several migration simulations. Our conclusions were that a migration plan should be carefully prepared and tailored to the individual hospital environment because the server system, archive media, network, OCS, and policy for data management may be unique.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed2006

Financial assessment of a picture archiving and communication system implemented all at once.

The objective of this study was to determine the differential cost between film-based radiology and a hospital-wide picture archiving and communication system (PACS) implemented all at once. The cash flow and running costs of PACS and film-based operation were measured over an 8-year time horizon. When the hospital-wide PACS was implemented over a short period, there was instant conversion into digital film and archives. The net present value (NPV) for PACS operation is US $1,598,698, whereas the NPV for film-based operation is US $2,083,856, indicating a net saving of US $485,157. The payback period is 4 years. The costs of computed radiography and image plates account for 40% of the initial capital expenditure in PACS implementation, followed by computer hardware (30%) and software (9%) costs. Our experience shows that implementation of hospital-wide PACS all at once can produce cost savings. For hospitals intending to go filmless, this study offers a model for financial evaluation of PACS to help in decision making.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed2006

Use of a thin-section archive and enterprise 3D software for long-term storage of thin-slice CT data sets.

Rapid advances are changing the technology and applications of multidetector computed tomography (CT) scanners. The major increase in data associated with this new technology, however, breaks most commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS) architectures by preventing them from delivering data in real time to radiologists and outside clinicians. We proposed a phased model for 3D workflow, installed a thin-slice archive and measured thin-slice data storage over a period of 5 months. A mean of 1,869 CT studies were stored per month, with an average of 643 images per study and a mean total volume of 588 GB/month. We also surveyed 48 radiologists to determine diagnostic use, impressions of thin-slice value, and requirements for retention times. The majority of radiologists thought thin slice was helpful for diagnosis and regularly used the application. Permanent storage of thin slice CT is likely to become best practice and a mission-critical pursuit for the health care enterprise.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Human teeth as historical biomonitors of environmental and dietary lead: some lessons from isotopic studies of 19th and 20th century archival material.

The lead isotopic composition of various sections (crown, crown base, root) of teeth was determined in specimens collected from 19th century skulls preserved in museum collections and, upon extraction or exfoliation, from humans of known ages residing in Scotland in the 1990s. For most 20th century samples, calculation of accurate crown-complete or root-complete dates of tooth formation ranging from the 1920s to the 1990s enabled comparison of (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratios for teeth sections (crown base root) with corresponding decadally averaged data for archival herbarium Sphagnum moss samples. This showed that the teeth sections had been significantly influenced by incorporation of non-contemporaneous (more recent) lead subsequent to the time of tooth formation, most probably via continuous uptake by dentine. This finding confirmed that separation of enamel from dentine is necessary for the potential of teeth sections as historical biomonitors of environmental (and dietary) lead exposure at the time of tooth formation to be realised. Nevertheless, the mean 19th century value of 1.172+/-0.007 for the (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratio in teeth was very similar to the corresponding mean value of 1.173+/-0.004 for 19th century archival moss, although relative contributions from environmental sources - whether direct, by inhalation/ingestion of dust contaminated by local lead smelting ((206)Pb/(207)Pb~1.17) and coal combustion ((206)Pb/(207)Pb~1.18) emissions, or indirect, through ingestion of similarly contaminated food - and drinking/cooking water contaminated by lead pipes of local origin, cannot readily be determined. In the 20th century, however, the much lower values of the (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratio (range 1.100-1.166, mean 1.126+/-0.013, median 1.124) for the teeth collected from various age groups in the 1990s reflect the significant influence of imported Australian lead of lower (206)Pb/(207)Pb ratio (~1.04) and released to the environment most notably through car-exhaust emissions arising from the use of alkyl lead additives ((206)Pb/(207)Pb~1.06-1.09) in petrol in the U.K. from ca. 1930 until the end of the 20th century.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

An archived lot of coccidioidin induces specific coccidioidal delayed-type hypersensitivity and correlates with in vitro assays of coccidioidal cellular immune response.

No test for assessing cellular immune response in coccidioidomycosis is currently available in the United States. In the present study, we tested 49 healthy subjects living in the coccidioidal endemic region with a 1:55.8 dilution of a single lot of coccidioidin archived since the 1970s. In this group, 23 evaluable subjects demonstrated >/=5 mm of induration at 24, 48 or 72 h, with a mean+/-SEM maximum induration of 18.4+/-4.0 mm. The induration results among 14 subjects reactive at 24 h were compared to those from 179 individuals in an historical cohort studied in the 1980s using a reference lot of coccidioidin. Results were within 5% and not significantly different (P=0.924). The maximum induration response of all evaluable subjects correlated significantly with the results of in vitro tests of coccidioidal cellular immunity using supernatant interferon-gamma concentration and CD69 expression on T cells (Spearman rank correlation coefficients 0.69 and 0.68, respectively; P<0.01 for both). These data suggest that archived coccidioidin retains its potency and specificity and that in vitro test of coccidioidal immunity may have utility in the measurement of coccidioidal cellular immunity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) for medical application.

The term 'Picture Archiving and Communication Systems' (PACS) applies to networks of digital image modalities, image workstations and mass image stores connected among each other by image data communication structures and controlled by appropriate image and data management. Predominantly, PACS are intended for application in the medical imaging domain, particularly in hospitals, where, by completely replacing the currently used films, they are supposed to lead to the 'filmless radiology'. The development of PACS is still one of the challenging tasks in the computer engineering field, because the giant amounts of digital image data produced in medical diagnostics require the introduction of novel architectures and technologies. This article describes the key components of PACS. Typical user environments are analysed and the requirements on the performance of the elements of a PACS are defined. The bottlenecks of current technologies are evaluated and examples of advanced approaches to PACS networks, archive modules and image workstations are given.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMed1988

A real-time data-logger system using an optical disk WORM for archiving continuous 12-lead ECG data during exercise testing.

An exercise ECG analysis program was developed over 15 years on a number of mainframes, minicomputers and, most recently, microcomputer-based systems. It has been rehosted into both Motorola MC68000 and Intel 80286 microprocessor-based development systems and is currently used with a removable 200 Mbyte optical disk (Write-Once-Read-Many, WORM) based data-logger system that can record and store all 12 leads simultaneously and continuously for an entire exercise test (up to 38 minutes). Data is acquired with 12-bit A/D resolution at 500 samples/sec. All ECG data and patient information are archived on the optical disk for later off-line recall and analysis on a PC or real-time replay through a D/A converter. Recorded ECG signals are at patient levels so they can be replayed through the patient cable box on any commercial system. Current development includes both simultaneous on-line processing and storage of 12-lead ECG data and off-line processing and development performed on the long-term, continuous ECG data being archived on optical disk. Patient medical histories and clinical information are separately entered into an applications database, where ECG measures and test results are later included. This new optical disk based exercise ECG database contains more than 600 complete exercise tests and is projected to increase to nearly 3,000 within 2 years.

Computer Systems↗
PubMed1994

Non-isotopic in situ detection of mRNA for interleukin-4 in archival human tissue.

Non-isotopic in situ hybridisation (NISH) is a rapid and sensitive method currently used in molecular pathology to identify DNA in fresh and archival human biopsies. In this study we have extended NISH technology for mRNA detection to include the use of digoxigenin-labelled riboprobes to localise low abundance mRNA for interleukin-4 in paraffin embedded material (from active inflammatory bowel disease). As this methodological approach makes the retrospective study of cytokine gene expression in archival material possible for the first time, it could act as a prototype for studies of cytokine involvement in various human diseases.

Colitis, Ulcerative↗
PubMed1994

Analysis of clonality in archival tissues by polymerase chain reaction amplification of PGK-1.

Clonality of archival formalin-fixed tissue sections was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of a portion of the X-linked phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK-1) gene. Amplification was successful in 29 of 36 cases of uterine endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Five of these cases, including both tumor and control tissue from the same patients, were heterozygous for the BstXI polymorphic site of the PGK-1-amplified product, permitting analysis of clonality. Pretreatment of the DNA with HpaII blocked amplification of one of the two PGK-1 alleles from four of five cases of tumor, indicating the clonal pattern of X chromosome inactivation in these cases. In contrast, in DNA from paired control tissues HpaII pretreatment had no effect, indicating a random pattern of X chromosome inactivation in normal tissue. One of the cases of endometrioid adenocarcinoma contained a high proportion (45%) of nontumor cells, precluding the determination of clonality. We conclude that polymerase chain reaction amplification can be used for the determination of the pattern of X chromosome inactivation in formalin-fixed tissue sections. Such an approach makes it feasible to include specimens from archival tissue collections in the analysis of clonality.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1989

First experiences with the modelling and simulation package MIRACLES applied to a picture archiving and communication system (PACS) in a clinical environment.

Since the construction of picture archiving and communication systems (PACS) appears to be extremely difficult, computer modelling and simulation are used as decision support tools. The package MIRACLES (Medical Image Representation, Archiving and Communication Learned from Extensive Simulation) has been developed at BAZIS in order to support the construction of simulation models of image information systems. This article discusses the application of MIRACLES to a prototypical PACS as being installed in a clinical environment. Attention is focussed to the required system analysis and difficulties which arose during the construction of the simulation model. The emphasis is on the presentation of the results of the simulation study, which show that simulation can be fruitfully used to predict, to analyse and to assist in solving performance problems. The simulation study confirmed assumptions and suppositions concerning both the system performance itself and strategies to improve the performance. The study also resulted in a number of concrete recommendations which might be useful for the set-up of the prototypical PACS.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1991

An enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining of proliferating cell nuclear antigen in archival rodent tissues.

An enhanced immunohistochemical procedure to detect proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), an endogenous cell replication marker, has been successfully applied to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival rat and mouse tissues. The procedure involves microwave oven heating of tissue sections in a commercially available antigen retrieval solution of heavy metal salts. Successful immunohistochemical staining of PCNA can be consistently obtained in tissues fixed for over 24 months in formalin and in sections made from paraffin blocks stored in our tissue archives for up to 19 months. Use of this technique will allow retrospective staining of rodent tissues for identification of S phase cells as an indication of DNA replicative activity in previously conducted toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Isolation of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae from archived stained blood slides for use in genetic studies and amplification of parasite and endosymbiont genes.

Information on change in genetic diversity of Wuchereria bancrofti is important in view of the launching of the Global Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme, as it may have important consequences on the control operations and on the potential resurgence after their withdrawal. Since attention was not paid to generate such information when the programme was launched, use of archived parasite material will provide an opportunity to derive this information in a prospective manner. In this paper a simple and effective technique is reported for isolation of microfilariae of W. bancrofti from dried and stained slides archived for several years and their utility in analysis of genetic structure and amplification of certain genes of the parasite is tested. The method was found to be efficient in purifying mf from the dried smears and the DNA of the parasite found to be useful in studying the genetic structure of Wuchereria bancrofti populations using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD)-PCR and for amplifying genes of the parasite and its endosymbiont, Wolbachia sp.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Molecular characterization of ENU mouse mutagenesis and archives.

The large-scale mouse mutagenesis with ENU has provided forward-genetic resources for functional genomics. The frozen sperm archive of ENU-mutagenized generation-1 (G1) mice could also provide a "mutant mouse library" that allows us to conduct reverse genetics in any particular target genes. We have archived frozen sperm as well as genomic DNA from 9224 G1 mice. By genome-wide screening of 63 target loci covering a sum of 197 Mbp of the mouse genome, a total of 148 ENU-induced mutations have been directly identified. The sites of mutations were primarily identified by temperature gradient capillary electrophoresis method followed by direct sequencing. The molecular characterization revealed that all the identified mutations were point mutations and mostly independent events except a few cases of redundant mutations. The base-substitution spectra in this study were different from those of the phenotype-based mutagenesis. The ENU-based gene-driven mutagenesis in the mouse now becomes feasible and practical.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Correlation of comparative genomic hybridization results of 100 archival uveal melanomas with patient survival.

Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to elucidate DNA sequence copy number imbalances in 100 archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) uveal melanoma cases. Of these 100 cases, 51 were from patients who survived >or=9 years post diagnosis without evidence of metastasis; the remaining 49 patients died from metastatic disease. Viable probe was generated from 82 of the 100 cases, allowing correlation of CGH findings with survival for all but 18 cases. Copy number imbalances revealed by CGH were tested for univariate prognostic significance. The most powerful predictor of a poor prognosis was gain of 18q11.2, which was subsequently compared with other significant chromosomal regions, as well as histologic and clinical factors, in a multivariate analysis. There was also evidence of differential X chromosome involvement in the survival correlations between male and female cases, which may be of significance to prognosis. This large-scale CGH analysis of archival material is intended to direct further gene-specific study of malignancy in uveal melanoma.

Chromosomes, Human, Pair 18↗
PubMed2005

The Akoya pearl oyster shell as an archival monitor of lead exposure.

The Akoya pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata) was experimentally exposed to (a) constant levels of lead (Pb) at 180 microg L(-1) for nine weeks, or (b) two short term (pulse) exposures of Pb at 180 microg L(-1) (three weeks each) with an intervening depuration period (three weeks), to assess its utility as an (i) accumulative monitor of Pb contamination and an (ii) archival monitor for discriminating constant versus pulsed Pb exposure events. P. imbricata showed similar reductions in growth (based on shell morphology and wet weight) and Pb accumulation patterns for whole tissue and shell in response to both Pb exposure regimes. Thus the whole oyster was deemed an inappropriate accumulative monitor for assessing short-term temporal variation of Pb exposure and effect. However, using secondary ion mass spectrometry, Pb was shown to accumulate in the successively deposited nacreous layers of the shell of P. imbricata, documenting the exposure history of constant versus pulsed Pb events. Patterns of Pb deposition not only reflected the frequency of Pb exposure events but also their relative durations. Thus, the shell of P. imbricata may be employed as a suitable biological archive of Pb exposure.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Detection of viral sequences in archival spinal cords from fatal cases of poliomyelitis in 1951-1952.

Poliovirus (PV) subjected to genetic characterization is often isolated from faecal carriage. Such virus is not necessarily identical to the virus causing paralytic disease since genetic modifications may occur during replication outside the nervous system. We have searched for poliovirus genomes in the 14 fatal cases occurring during the last epidemics in Norway in 1951-1952. A method was developed for isolation and analysis of poliovirus RNA from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded archival tissue. RNA was purified by incubation with Chelex-100 and heating followed by treatment with the proteinase K and chloroform extraction. Viral sequences were amplified by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the products subjected to TA cloning and sequenced. RNA from the beta-actin gene, as a control, was identified in 13 cases, while sequences specific for poliovirus were achieved in 11 cases. The sequences from the 2C region of poliovirus were rather conserved while those in the 5'-untranslated region were variable. The developed method should be suitable also for other genetic studies of old archival material.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Diagnosis of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 in fixed paraffin-embedded archival samples using PCR and in situ hybridisation.

In 1994, some of the high mortality episodes that affected oysters cultured in France were associated with herpesviral infections. Through histology analysis, however, viral presence could only be suspected and confirmation of histological diagnosis by transmission electron microscopy was performed in only a few cases. Subsequently, the characterisation and genome sequencing of Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) made possible the development of specific molecular detection (PCR and in situ hybridisation (ISH)). Using both molecular tools, attempts were made to screen for OsHV-1 a number of fixed, paraffin-embedded oyster samples collected and processed in 1994. The aim was to compare these techniques and to estimate the accuracy of histology-based indication of viral infection. Existing DNA extraction protocols were adapted for oyster samples and two pairs of specific primers targeting small fragments (less than 200bp) were designed (C(9)/C(10) and B(4)/B(3)). The poor consistency observed between the results of PCR with both primer pairs was confirmed by statistical analysis. C(9)/C(10), which targets a repeated region of the OsHV-1 genome, appears to be the primer of choice for viral detection in archival samples. In situ hybridisation may furnish complementary information concerning the localisation of viral foci. Under certain conditions, retrospective examination of archival samples by molecular techniques may therefore provide valuable epidemiological data.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Detection of classical swine fever virus in archival formalin-fixed tissues by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Classical swine fever (CSF) is an economically important Office International des Epizooties list A disease of swine. Inadequate diagnostic infrastructure in developing countries may sometimes make the conduit of viable samples to diagnostic laboratories difficult and at times formalin-fixed tissues may be the only morbid materials available which are not amenable to most laboratory tests. The potential diagnostic abilities in such situations would be enhanced if a highly sensitive and specific method as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) could be applied to such samples. In the present study, archival formalin-fixed CSF samples were subjected to successful RT-PCR amplification of a 172-bp fragment from E2/NS2 region of CSFV genome. The fidelity of amplification was established by a dot-blot hybridization assay employing a homologous biotinylated cDNA probe. The optimized procedure may be resorted to as a diagnostic tool if viable samples are unavailable and may have the potential to facilitate retrospective studies on archival samples.

Animals↗