Acceptability of IUDs is increasing.
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Americas↗
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Self-esteem and "if . . . then" contingencies of interpersonal acceptance.
The degree to which an individual perceives interpersonal acceptance as being contingent on successes and failures, versus relatively unconditional, is an important factor in the social construction of self-esteem. The authors used a lexical-decision task to examine people's "if. . . then" expectancies. On each trial, participants were shown a success or failure context word and then they made a word-nonword judgment on a second letter string, which sometimes was a target word relating to interpersonal outcomes. For low-self-esteem participants, success and failure contexts facilitated the processing of acceptance and rejection target words, respectively, revealing associations between performance and social outcomes. Study 2 ruled out a simple valence-congruency explanation. Study 3 demonstrated that the reaction-time pattern was stronger for people who had recently been primed with a highly contingent relationship, as opposed to one based more on unconditional acceptance. These results contribute to a social-cognitive formulation of the role of relational schemas in the social construction of self-esteem.
Adult↗
Electrogastrography: basic knowledge, recording, processing and its clinical applications.
The slow wave (SW) of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract mainly functions to trigger the onset of spike to elicit smooth muscle contraction, which provides the essential power of motility. Smooth muscle myogenic control activity or SW is believed to originate in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The electrical coupling promotes interaction between muscle cells, and ICC additionally contribute to SW rhythmicity. Stomach SW originates in the proximal body showing the continuous rhythmic change in the membrane potential and propagates normally to the distal antrum with a regular rhythm of approximately 3 c.p.m. A technique using electrodes positioned on the abdominal skin to pick up stomach rhythmic SW refers to electrogastrography (EGG). The stomach SW amplitude is very weak, while many visceral organs also produce rhythmic electricities, for example heartbeat, respiration, other organs of the GI tract and even body movements. Thus noise other than SW should be filtered out during the recording, while motion artifacts are visually examined and deleted. Finally, the best signal among all recordings is selected to compute EGG parameters based on spectral analysis. The latter is done not only to tranform frequency domain to time domain but also to provide information of time variability in frequency. Obtained EGG parameters include dominant frequency/power, % normal rhythm, % bradygastria, % tachygastria, instability coefficient and power ratio. Clinical experience in EGG has been markedly accumulated since its rapid evolution. In contrast, lack of standardized methodology in terms of electrode positions, recording periods, test meals, analytic software and normal reference values makes the significance of EGG recording controversial. Unlike imaging or manometrical studies, stomach motility disorders are not diagnosed based only on abnormal EGG parameters. Limitations of EGG recording, processing, computation, acceptable normal parameters, technique and reading should be known to conduct subjective assessments when EGG is used to resolve stomach dysfunction. Understanding basic SW physiology, recording methodology and indications may open EGG as a new domain to approach the stomach motor dysfunction.
Action Potentials↗
Social factors predicting postpartum choice of Norplant among African-American and non-Hispanic white adolescents.
PURPOSE: This study was designed to determine the factors associated with Norplant choice for postpartum teens. METHODS: A total of 151 teenagers, ages 12-20 years, who delivered at the Medical Center of Delaware from July to December 1992, were offered insertion of Norplant within 48 h postpartum. A structured interview was conducted in the postpartum period after nondirective counseling sessions including a physical demonstration using anatomical models of various contraceptive methods. Student's t-tests, chi-square, and multivariate analyses were used. RESULTS: Eighty-six teenagers were African-American (mean age = 17.3 +/- 1.9 years) and 65 non-Hispanic white (NHW) (mean age = 18.3 +/- 1.5 years). The NHW teenagers were older (p < 0.001); the African-American teenagers were more likely to have Medicaid (49% vs. 14%; p < 0.001) and to have one or more friends who use Norplant (62% vs. 34%; p < 0.001). In multivariate analyses, NHW teenagers were more likely to choose Norplant if they had discussed their choice with a parent or guardian [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 14.6, 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.12-100.57]; had Medicaid funding (AOR = 12.1; 95% (CI), 10.6-91.34); and had any friends who used Norplant (AOR = 6.3; 95% (CI), 1.38-28.40). However, for African-American teenagers, the strongest predictor for choice of Norplant was number of prior children delivered. After two deliveries, there was a better than four-fold likelihood (AOR = 4.8; 95% (CI), 1.47-15.94) that African-American teenagers would choose Norplant. For the African-American teenagers, parental discussion, Medicaid status, and friends' use of Norplant were not as important as family size, but far greater percentages of the African-American teenagers had access to Medicaid funding and peers who used Norplant. CONCLUSIONS: NHW and African-American teenagers choose Norplant for different reasons. Lack of funding may have been a barrier to choosing Norplant. Discussions with parents and friends have a positive influence on choosing Norplant for NHW teenagers. African-American teenagers were more likely than NHW to have Medicaid coverage, and more frequently choose Norplant if the current birth was their third child.
Adolescent↗
Antiprogestin drugs: research and clinical use in Sweden.
The Swedish experience indicates that the combination of RU 486 and vaginal or intramuscular administration of different prostaglandin analogues such as Cervagem, Sulprostone, and 15- methyl PGF2 alpha is a highly effective and safe non-surgical method to terminate early pregnancy. The combined treatment may also be used during the second trimester. In mid- and late second trimester abortion this procedure represents a simple, non-invasive, highly effective method. There are several possibilities by which RU 486 can be used as a contraceptive. We have shown that post-ovulatory administration of RU 486 will effectively inhibit implantation. If the preliminary results are confirmed, treatment with RU 486 once a month on day LH+2 may be an attractive alternative to present contraceptive technology.
Abortifacient Agents, Steroidal↗
An evaluation of the levonorgestrel-releasing IUD: its advantages and disadvantages when compared to the copper-releasing IUDs.
The levonorgestrel-releasing IUD (LNG-IUD-20), providing a daily dose of 20 ug, has recently been approved for marketing in Finland. The IUD's high efficacy in preventing accidental pregnancy and other numerous positive features make it a promising contraceptive device for worldwide use, just like the currently available T-shaped copper-releasing (TCu) IUDs. This paper reviews published reports comparing the LNG-IUD-20 and the currently used TCu IUDs. The merits and disadvantages of the steroid-releasing IUD are evaluated in terms of its performance and other special features relative to the TCu IUDs. Also, a number of future studies with medical and programmatic importance are proposed. A broader understanding about these two IUD families will facilitate their use in a complementary way for family planning programs.
Drug Evaluation↗
ICCVAM evaluation of the murine local lymph node assay. The ICCVAM review process.
New test methods are being developed to improve the prediction of human and environmental risks and to benefit animal welfare by reducing, refining, and replacing animal use. Regulatory adoption of new test methods is often a complex and protracted process, requiring test method validation, regulatory acceptance, and implementation. Assessments of new test methods have not always been uniform within or among regulatory agencies. Thus, there have been increased pressures for a harmonized approach to test method evaluation and acceptance. In 1997, in response to these pressures and to U.S. Public Law 103-43, the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) established the Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods (ICCVAM) to coordinate interagency consideration of new and revised test methods. This article describes the validation and acceptance criteria and process used for the first test method evaluated by ICCVAM, the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA). Based on ICCVAM's conclusions and recommendations, the LLNA has been accepted by U.S. regulatory agencies as a stand-alone assay for allergic contact dermatitis. Two related articles in this series of three present the results of the independent peer review evaluation of the LLNA and summarize the performance characteristics of the database substantiating the validity of the LLNA.
Animal Welfare↗
Alternatives to animal experimentation: the regulatory background.
The framework, in which alternatives to animal experiments can be developed, standardized, respectively formally validated, has to be seen in a global context. The ever increasing demand of testing for hazard and risk assessment in health and environment, exemplified by the EU REACH program, subsequently triggers laboratory animal testing. This holds especially true, if no valid alternative methods agreed to by the regulatory authorities and the scientific community are available. At least for regulatory toxicity testing, the global frame and network are given by institutions such as OECD, ICH, and alike. However, due to the necessity of global consent of states, organizations, and stakeholders, the time gap between availability of a novel alternative test method and its final acceptance by authorities and implementation thereafter is widening. The lack of new technologies or opportunities for alternative method application such as, for example, the broad use of transgenic animals for refinement of existing tests, adds to the problem. The bare existence of certain in vivo tests increases also the gap between public demands for testing versus availability of alternative tests. Industries operating on a worldwide basis support the alternative test development in their respective area of research and operational business. However, a more coordinating approach such as that of the ecopa-organization (European Consensus Platform on Alternatives) is needed to exploit the existing possibilities within the current regulatory framework. This will speed up the process of acceptance and challenge the political world to feel responsible for the sequels of their demanding more testing, that is, by funding alternative method development in academia and industry.
Animal Testing Alternatives↗
Treatment of diglyme containing wastewater by advanced oxidation--process design and optimisation.
Diglyme (CAS No. 111-96-6), a biorefractive ether with teratogenic properties is of considerable importance as a solvent in the synthetic chemical industry. Results of lab-scale investigations into the optimal conditions for the oxidative mineralisation of 0.05 to 1 g/L of diglyme in synthetic process waters by hydrogen peroxide and ozone based advanced oxidation processes are presented. Fenton, photo-assisted Fenton and UV/H2O2 oxidation processes show acceptable TOC removals. At 50 degrees C the initial TOC removal rates varies between 0.07 and 6g TOC/L*h. The rates increase with the initial diglyme and hydrogen peroxide concentration as well as with the UV irradiation energy intensity. For example at a 1 g/l diglyme concentration a stoichiometric H2O2 addition resulted in TOC degradation of 60% to 70% after 30 minutes under the investigated conditions. Treatment with ozone/H2O2 at a pH of 8 and 25 degrees C required at least 100 minutes to achieve comparable mineralisation results. Biodegradability can be reached in far shorter times. Ozone on its own cannot be recommended for diglyme treatment. If complete mineralisation of diglyme is the objective, the UV/H2O2 oxidation process should be favoured. The ozone/H2O2 process might offer a viable alternative in cases where the oxidation step is followed by biological wastewater treatment, so that biodegradability is aimed at.
Biodegradation, Environmental↗
Abortion counseling: to benefit maternal health.
This Note examines how both the law and the health care profession neglect women's needs for abortion counseling before, during and after an abortion. Part I analyzes the health care profession's view of counseling, the psychological effects of abortion and how counseling both positively and negatively influences those effects. Part II reviews Supreme Court cases and state law regarding abortion counseling, critizing both the Court's narrow view of counseling and the states' failure to use the legislative process to create laws which benefit maternal health. Part III recommends an expanded role for abortion counseling, in which the counselor can provide emotional support from before the day of an abortion until a woman emotionally recovers from an abortion. This expanded role would be state-mandated, but would remain within constitutional boundaries by providing flexibility for counselors to give individual treatment while respecting a woman's privacy.
Abortion, Induced↗
Modifications of masticatory behavior after trigeminal deafferentation in the rabbit.
Bilateral trigeminal deafferentation was performed in the rabbit in order to assess the role of orofacial inputs in regulation of the pattern of jaw movements during chewing. After bilateral combined section of the maxillary and inferior alveolar nerves, the animals did not eat food by themselves in the first postoperative week. However, they could chew and swallow when food was inserted into the mouth by an experimenter. The pattern of jaw movements and associated EMG activities of masticatory muscles during chewing were modulated remarkably by deafferentation. These modifications include 1) decrease in the horizontal excursions of the mandible at the power phase, 2) decrease in the maximum gape, 3) insufficient occlusion at the power phase (or increase in the minimum gape), 4) irregular patterns of jaw movements, 5) facilitation of the chewing rate, 6) increase in the number of chewing cycles in a masticatory sequence (the process from acceptance of food to swallowing), and 7) decrease in jaw-closing muscle activities. The findings indicate that deafferentation of the trigeminal sensory branches reduced masticatory force. On the other hand, no significant change was seen in the animals with disruption of cutaneous sensations of the face due to bilateral section of the infraorbital and mental nerves. Intraoral sensations rather than extraoral sensations may thus be important for regulation of masticatory force and jaw movements during chewing. Jaw movements during chewing were also analyzed in the animals with either bilateral ablation of the cortical masticatory area (CMA) or bilateral lesion of the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) of the thalamus in order to examine whether profound effects of trigeminal deafferentation are produced via the transcortical loop. The animals with lesion of either the CMA or VPM demonstrated disturbances in feeding behavior, including the dropping of ingested food from the mouth, elongation of a masticatory process, reduction in the chewing efficiency, etc. However, the pattern of jaw movements during chewing were essentially similar to that in the preoperative period. These results do not necessarily deny a contribution of the CMA to regulation of jaw movements but suggest that the transcortical feedback loop via the CMA and thalamic VPM nucleus would not primarily be responsible for pattern formation of jaw movements during chewing in the rabbit. Probably, the sensory feedback via the transcortical loop may indirectly facilitate activities of the brain stem CPG, which facilitates the chewing rhythm or enables masticatory sequences to be conducted smoothly.
Afferent Pathways↗
Assessing the balance between protein-protein interactions and enzyme-substrate interactions in the channeling of intermediates between polyketide synthase modules.
6-Deoxyerythronolide B synthase (DEBS) is the modular polyketide synthase (PKS) that catalyzes the biosynthesis of 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB), the aglycon precursor of the antibiotic erythromycin. The biosynthesis of 6-dEB exemplifies the extraordinary substrate- and stereo-selectivity of this family of multifunctional enzymes. Paradoxically, DEBS has been shown to be an attractive scaffold for combinatorial biosynthesis, indicating that its constituent modules are also very tolerant of unnatural substrates. By interrogating individual modules of DEBS with a panel of diketides activated as N-acetylcysteamine (NAC) thioesters, it was recently shown that individual modules have a marked ability to discriminate among certain diastereomeric diketides. However, since free NAC thioesters were used as substrates in these studies, the modules were primed by a diffusive process, which precluded involvement of the covalent, substrate-channeling mechanism by which enzyme-bound intermediates are directly transferred from one module to the next in a multimodular PKS. Recent evidence pointing to a pivotal role for protein-protein interactions in the substrate-channeling mechanism has prompted us to develop novel assays to reassess the steady-state kinetic parameters of individual DEBS modules when primed in a more "natural" channeling mode by the same panel of diketide substrates used earlier. Here we describe these assays and use them to quantify the kinetic benefit of linker-mediated substrate channeling in a modular PKS. This benefit can be substantial, especially for intrinsically poor substrates. Examples are presented where the k(cat) of a module for a given diketide substrate increases >100-fold when the substrate is presented to the module in a channeling mode as opposed to a diffusive mode. However, the substrate specificity profiles for individual modules are conserved regardless of the mode of presentation. By highlighting how substrate channeling can allow PKS modules to effectively accept and process intrinsically poor substrates, these studies provide a rational basis for examining the enormous untapped potential for combinatorial biosynthesis via module rearrangement.
Acyl Carrier Protein↗
Structure and selectivity in post-translational modification: attaching the biotinyl-lysine and lipoyl-lysine swinging arms in multifunctional enzymes.
The post-translational attachment of biotin and lipoic acid to specific lysine residues displayed in protruding beta-turns in homologous biotinyl and lipoyl domains of their parent enzymes is catalysed by two different ligases. We have expressed in Escherichia coli a sub-gene encoding the biotinyl domain of E.coli acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and by a series of mutations converted the protein from the target for biotinylation to one for lipoylation, in vivo and in vitro. The biotinylating enzyme, biotinyl protein ligase (BPL), and the lipoylating enzyme, LplA, exhibited major differences in the recognition process. LplA accepted the highly conserved MKM motif that houses the target lysine residue in the biotinyl domain beta-turn, but was responsive to structural cues in the flanking beta-strands. BPL was much less sensitive to changes in these beta-strands, but could not biotinylate a lysine residue placed in the DKA motif characteristic of the lipoyl domain beta-turn. The presence of a further protruding thumb between the beta2 and beta3 strands in the wild-type biotinyl domain, which has no counterpart in the lipoyl domain, is sufficient to prevent aberrant lipoylation in E.coli. The structural basis of this discrimination contrasts with other forms of post-translational modification, where the sequence motif surrounding the target residue can be the principal determinant.
Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase↗
Maternal influence on the decision to adopt Norplant.
PURPOSE: To examine maternal influence and related variables on adolescents' decision to adopt Norplant. METHODS: A prospective study of 121 adolescent females who received Norplant through a hospital-based outpatient adolescent gynecology service. Each patient completed self-report questionnaires about her decision process, sexual behaviors and standardized measures of depression and anxiety at their insertion appointment or first-follow-up appointment. RESULTS: Almost 40% of the sample reported that their mother significantly influenced their decision to use Norplant and 61% of all patients stated that they had informed their mother of their choice of this contraceptive method. Through logistic regression, six variables were found to be significantly associated with mother as the most important decision source. These included: obtaining information about Norplant from a parent, maintaining the same sexual partner, past pill use, and not knowing other adolescents who boast about using the Norplant system. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that when parental consent is not required, adolescent females disclose sensitive information regarding choice-making to their mothers when they decided to adopt Norplant.
Adolescent↗
"What do you expect? You're just getting older": A comparison of perceived osteoarthritis-related and aging-related health experiences in middle- and older-age adults.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the health experiences of middle- and older-age adults with moderate osteoarthritis (OA) symptoms with experiences of individuals with no chronic health conditions. Similarities and differences in health changes, the meaning of these changes, and their impact were examined. METHODS: Sixteen focus groups (10 OA, 6 control) were conducted with 53 women and 37 men (age 39-88 years). OA participants were recruited from practitioners' offices and The Arthritis Society, Ontario Division. Additional OA participants and controls were recruited from community centers and newspaper advertisements. All participants were asked about changes in health, the impact of these changes, and self-management strategies. Participants also completed standardized measures including demographic information; the Short Form 36; Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index; and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire. RESULTS: Differences in the depth, breadth, and meaning of symptoms such as pain, stiffness, and fatigue were reported with little overlap between OA and control groups. OA was often seen as part of a normal aging process requiring acceptance, not treatment. However, younger OA participants reported more distress and frustration managing the disease. OA participants reported an impact of their health on work, leisure, social activities, and relationships that was described as upsetting compared with controls. CONCLUSION: This study illuminates personal and social factors associated with OA by comparing health experiences of individuals with OA and controls. It highlights directions for future research that can improve our understanding of the needs of individuals with OA and can help link individuals' health status to the broader framework of their lives.
Aged↗
Biotransformations with peroxidases.
Enzymes are chiral catalysts and are able to produce optically active molecules from prochiral or racemic substrates by catalytic asymmetric induction. One of the major challenges in organic synthesis is the development of environmentally acceptable chemical processes for the preparation of enantiomerically pure compounds, which are of increasing importance as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. Enzymes meet this challenge! For example, a variety of peroxidases effectively catalyze numerous selective oxidations of electron-rich substrates, which include the hydroxylation of arenes, the oxyfunctionalizations of phenols and aromatic amines, the epoxidation and halogenation of olefins, the oxygenation of heteroatoms and the enantioselective reduction of racemic hydroperoxides. In this review, we summarize the important advances achieved in the last few years on peroxidase-catalyzed transformations, with major emphasis on preparative applications.
Biotransformation↗
Process-induced chemical changes in foods. An overview.
Processing of foods induces changes in their physical, chemical and sensory characteristics. Many researchers have shown the chemical consequences of food processing on acceptability and sensory attributes, nutritive value and wholesomeness of foods. A cursory account of these changes is provided.
Dietary Carbohydrates↗
The Miami Heart Institute information system.
The Miami Heart Institute automation project, conceived as a comprehensive unified hospital information system, has been in continuous development since 1969. As of February 1978, the system supports medical services and laboratories as well as teaching, financial, administrative, and research applications through approximately 100 remote terminals. It is controlled by a single operating system serving interrelated data bases and is available to its users practically 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. The information system transfers data to and from dedicated mini- and microcomputer systems and incorporates digital and analog instrumentation interfaces that include physiologic signal-processing capabilities. Acceptance by user departments ranges from good to excellent, whereas acceptance by the private attending staff at large has been only fair. This report represents a general overview of several major subsystems and discusses advantages and shortcomings of the project.
Attitude of Health Personnel↗