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At least 199 records · Page 11Linked to original sources
PubMed2007

Quantification of intramyocellular lipids in obese subjects using spectroscopic imaging with high spatial resolution.

Quantification of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) in obese subjects by single-voxel spectroscopy (SVS) or conventional spectroscopic imaging (SI) often fails due to overlap of IMCL spectral lines by extramyocellular lipids (EMCL), and signal contamination from subcutaneous fat and bone marrow. This study demonstrates that these problems can be solved by high-resolution SI with 128 phase-encoding steps and a read gradient during acquisition. The small voxels obtained in this way facilitated differentiation between EMCL and IMCL. This method offers the possibility of studying different muscle groups and the variation of lipids within one muscle.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Pseudoname learning by German-speaking children with dyslexia: evidence for a phonological learning deficit.

In 2 experiments, German-speaking dyslexic children (9-year-olds) showed impaired learning of new phonological forms (pseudonames) in a variety of visual-verbal learning tasks. The dyslexic deficit was also found when phonological retrieval cues were provided and when the to-be-learned pseudonames were presented in spoken as well as printed form. However, the dyslexic children showed no name-learning deficit when short, familiar words were used and they also had no difficulty with immediate repetition of the pseudowords. The dyslexic children's difficulty in learning new phonological forms was associated with pseudoword-repetition and naming-speed deficits assessed at the beginning of school, but not with phonological awareness and visual-motor impairments. We propose that the difficulty in learning new phonological forms may affect reading and spelling acquisition via impaired storage of new phonological forms, which serve as phonological underpinnings of the letter patterns of words or parts of words.

Child↗
PubMed2001

Spectroscopic imaging of bone marrow composition in vertebral bodies.

The proton spectroscopic imaging technique that uses read gradient during acquisition was used for the measurement of the proton spectra in the lumbar and thoracic part of the spine of a patient with breast cancer without known skeletal metastases. The bone marrow fat/water ratios were evaluated in the same location before and after chemotherapy treatment. The results were corrected for relaxation effects. The fat/water ratios showed a significant increase as a consequence of the bone marrow degradation process due to chemotherapy. The proposed spectroscopic imaging technique offers rapid acquisition of proton spectra from large volumes of the vertebral bodies.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1996

[Developmental dysphasia].

Developmental dysphasia is characterized by severe, specific and unexplained developmental language impairment. Phonologic and syntactic disorders of expressive language and perceptual deficit are almost always present. Moreover, certain specific linguistic symptoms are particular to each dysphasic child, explaining the efforts to classify different forms of dysphasia. The most important point is to separate receptive dysphasia from the expressive on the one hand, and severe forms from the mild which are closed to "simple language delay", on the other. The evolution of oral language is variable, but often long and difficult, with persistent linguistic deficit. Reading and writing acquisition is usually difficult, although very important for the socio-professional outcome and language improvement. The etiology remains unknown and is probably multifactorial. One pathogenic hypothesis is based on the absence of the usual hemisphere specialisation related to various prenatal or postnatal events. A genetic basis seems likely for certain dysphasic children. Development of knowledge about this condition and improvement of both speech therapy and teaching are essential for the outcome of these otherwise intelligent and normal children.

Aphasia↗
PubMed2001

Spectroscopy of large volumes: spectroscopic imaging of total body fat.

An extremely large volume of interest (VOI) approximately 60 dm(3) was used for the measurement of the proton ((1)H) spectrum of the human body. The measurements were performed at 1.5 T with a high-speed spectroscopic imaging technique that uses read gradient during acquisition. The spectrum was computed from coronal 30 mm thick slices of a normal male and female volunteer. The fat/water ratio of the body was used to quantify the fat depots. The results were corrected for relaxation effects and were in good agreement with published values of subjects with comparable body mass index (BMI).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

Amplitude envelope onsets and developmental dyslexia: A new hypothesis.

A core difficulty in developmental dyslexia is the accurate specification and neural representation of speech. We argue that a likely perceptual cause of this difficulty is a deficit in the perceptual experience of rhythmic timing. Speech rhythm is one of the earliest cues used by infants to discriminate syllables and is determined principally by the acoustic structure of amplitude modulation at relatively low rates in the signal. We show significant differences between dyslexic and normally reading children, and between young early readers and normal developers, in amplitude envelope onset detection. We further show that individual differences in sensitivity to the shape of amplitude modulation account for 25% of the variance in reading and spelling acquisition even after controlling for individual differences in age, nonverbal IQ, and vocabulary. A possible causal explanation dependent on perceptual-center detection and the onset-rime representation of syllables is discussed.

Articulation Disorders↗
PubMed2001

Recording accelerator monitor units during electronic portal imaging: application to collimator position verification during IMRT.

The application of multiple portal image acquisition to collimator position verification during dynamic multileaf collimation (DMLC) using a commercial camera-based electronic portal imaging device (EPID) (Theraview, Cablon Medical BV, Leusden, The Netherlands) mounted on an Elekta SL15i accelerator (Elekta Oncology Systems, Crawley, UK) is described. This is achieved using a custom-built dose acquisition system optically interfaced to both the camera control unit of the EPID and the monitor unit (MU) channel of the accelerator. The method uses the beam blanking camera control signal to trigger the dose acquisition system to read the cumulative accelerator MUs at the beginning and end of each period of image formation. A maximum delay of 15 ms has been estimated for recording of accelerator MUs in the current system. The camera interface was observed to have no effect on the operation of the EPID during normal clinical use and could therefore be left permanently in situ. Use of the system for collimator position verification of a test case is presented. The technique described uses a specific camera-based EPID and accelerator, although the general principle of using an EPID control signal to trigger recording of accelerator MUs may be applicable to other EPIDs/accelerators with suitable knowledge of the accelerator dosimetry system.

Calibration↗
PubMed2005

A genome-wide study of dual coding regions in human alternatively spliced genes.

Alternative splicing is a major mechanism for gene product regulation in many multicellular organisms. By using different exon combinations, some coding regions can encode amino acids in multiple reading frames in different transcripts. Here we performed a systematic search through a set of high-quality human transcripts and show that approximately 7% of alternatively spliced genes contain dual (multiple) coding regions. By using a conservative criterion, we found that in these regions most secondary reading frames evolved recently in mammals, and a significant proportion of them may be specific to primates. Based on the presence of in-frame stop codons in orthologous sequences in other animals, we further classified ancestral and derived reading frames in these regions. Our results indicated that ancestral reading frames are usually under stronger selection than are derived reading frames. Ancestral reading frames mainly influence the coding properties of these dual coding regions. Compared with coding regions of the whole genome, ancestral reading frames largely maintain similar nucleotide composition at each codon position and amino acid usage, while derived reading frames are significantly different. Our results also indicated that prior to acquisition of a new reading frame, the suppression of in-frame stop codons in the ancestral state is mainly achieved by one-step transition substitutions at the first or second codon position. Finally, the selective forces imposed on these dual coding regions will also be discussed.

Alternative Splicing↗
PubMed1983

Directional preferences of bilingual children.

Effects of simultaneous acquisition of differential reading and writing habits (in English and Hebrew) on directional preferences were investigated for 72 bilingual children in Grades 1 to 6. The children reproduced series of single and multiple stimuli; horizontal directions of their responses were recorded. Increased age was accompanied by growing left-right directional preferences in response to all stimuli but Hebrew letters, for which the reversed right-left preferences appeared. These data corroborate previous findings showing effects of reading and writing habits on directional preferences.

Child↗
PubMed1996

The face of AIDS: Effects of physical attractiveness and target gender on inferred mode of HIV infection.

We examined the effects of physical attractiveness on the assumed mode of HIV acquisition. 176 students read a description of an HIV-positive target whose photograph was placed above the description. A 2 (target gender) by 2 (attractive or unattractive target) factorial design was used. Unattractive targets were perceived as more likely to have acquired HIV through homosexual relationships. Further, men were perceived as more likely than women to have acquired HIV homosexually. Attractiveness did not bias health-care allocations regarding the infected target.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2003

The contribution of phonological awareness and receptive and expressive english to the reading ability of deaf students with varying degrees of exposure to accurate english.

This study was planned with the knowledge that the tasks of reading require the same acquisition of skills, whether a child is hearing or deaf, monolingual, or bilingual. Reading and language research literature was reviewed. Subjects were 31 deaf students (7.9-17.9 years of age) who attended one of three U.S. programs. Performance on 15 language and literacy measures was analyzed. Results were that students who scored highest on a passage-comprehension measure also were more able (a) to provide synonyms, antonyms, and analogies of read words and phrases, (b) to read more listed words, and (c) to substitute one phoneme more correctly for another to create new words than were readers with lower scores. Two groups of students also were compared: a Longer Exposure to English Group (n = 22) who used Signing Exact English (SEE) for 5 years or more and a Shorter Exposure Group (n = 8) exposed to SEE for less than 2 years. A correlational analysis revealed that there were no significant relationships among 14 background variables with the exception of "age of identification of hearing loss," a variable then covaried in subsequent analysis of covariance. Students in the Longer Exposure Group scored higher on all measures. Significant differences were found between groups for short-term memory, receptive and expressive English, and five phonological subtests. Mini-case studies and the performance of eight students in the Longer Exposure Group who scored lowest on the comprehension measure also are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

Rapid data acquisition from a microtiter plate fluorescence reader and applications in kinetic measurements.

Programs written in Applesoft BASIC for the rapid acquisition and evaluation of data from a commercially available microtiter plate fluorescence reader are presented. Using the data acquisition program, the relative fluorescence readings from all 96 wells of the microtiter plate (one read cycle of the fluorescence reader) can be stored in each of up to 90 consecutively numbered files on a single-sided diskette. A simple timer circuit is described which, when used in conjunction with the above program, initiates the fluorescence reading process at preset time intervals, thus making automatic acquisition of data possible. A further program plots the data from consecutive files on the computer monitor and prints a hard copy if required. The feasibility of applying the above system and software to kinetic measurements in enzyme systems is demonstrated using methylumbelliferyl phosphate and an alkaline phosphatase/immunoglobulin conjugate. In addition, its use in following the formation of extracellular hydrogen peroxide by stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes using horseradish peroxidase-coupled oxidation of the fluorescent compound 7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-coumarin (scopoletin) is described.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay↗
PubMed1993

Mirror reading in Alzheimer's disease: normal skill learning and acquisition of item-specific information.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by severe explicit memory deficits and sparing of procedural learning. Most studies of skill learning in AD have been restricted to motor skills. This experiment was aimed at extending these studies to the domain of perceptual-verbal skills. Thirteen AD patients and 9 normal elderly controls were administered several explicit memory tests and a mirror reading paradigm with both unique and repeated word triads. In this last task, AD patients showed normal learning for unique word triads, that is, normal acquisition of the skill. Moreover, they benefitted from repeated triads to the same extent as did normal controls, although they were impaired in discriminating these repeated words from distractors at later recognition. These data demonstrate that patients with AD: (a) are able to learn and retain a perceptual-verbal skill at a normal rate; (b) can learn item-specific information (repeated triads) at a normal rate, even though their explicit memory is severely impaired. It is hypothesized that learning of item-specific information relies on repetition priming effects rather than on explicit memory processes.

Affect↗
PubMed2005

A neurocognitive approach to music reading.

Music reading offers a unique perspective on the acquisition of a notational system. Many people cannot read music, but a large proportion are motivated to learn. Musical literacy is therefore amenable to studies of acquisition in a way that language literacy is not. The studies reviewed here investigate how musical symbols on the page are decoded into a musical response. The studies address the nature of the mental representations used in music reading, as well as their instantiation within the brain. The results of a musical Stroop paradigm are described, in which musical notation was present but irrelevant for task performance. The presence of musical notation produced systematic effects on reaction time, demonstrating that reading of the written note, like the written word, is obligatory for those who are musically literate. Spatial interference tasks are also described that suggest that music reading, at least for the pianist, can be characterized as a set of vertical to horizontal mappings. These behavioral findings are mirrored by the results of an fMRI training study in which musically untrained adults were taught to read music and play piano keyboard over a period of three months. Specific learning-related changes were seen in the superior parietal cortex and fusiform gyrus, for melody reading and rhythm reading, respectively. These changes are suggested to correspond to the acquisition of processes that deal with the extraction of spatial and featural properties of notation, respectively.

Cognition↗
PubMed2006

Acquired dyslexia after stroke in the prereading stage: a single case treatment study with f MRI.

The authors report a treatment study of a child (CK) who suffered a left-hemisphere stroke at age 6.3 years, a few months before beginning school. Despite complete recovery of spoken language abilities, CK failed to acquire written language abilities. Neurolinguistic assessment 2 years after the stroke revealed marked impairments in working memory, deficits in acquiring a sublexical reading strategy, and a very rudimentary orthographic network. Functional imaging demonstrated activation in posterior language areas during reading of familiar words while the attempt to read unfamiliar words activated peri- and contralesional structures of the anterior language areas. It was assumed that despite sufficient neural plasticity, the acquisition of a sublexical reading strategy was prevented by severe working memory deficits. Therefore, a specific treatment intervention was developed, choosing a compensatory strategy for reading remediation. Reading development was monitored over three months before and three months after an intensive training was conducted. Data showed significant gains in reading performance only after the specific intervention. These gains remained stable in a catamnesis 2 years later.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Reading of kana (phonetic symbols for syllables) in Japanese children with spastic diplegia and periventricular leukomalacia.

In 31 Japanese children with spastic diplegia and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), the age at which they could read Hiragana (phonetic symbols for syllables) and psychometric data were examined. Reading of Hiragana was achieved between 2 and 8 years of age in all subjects except one. Four children could read Hiragana at 2 to 3 years of age, an age which is considered early among Japanese children. Performance IQs of the Wechsler Scale were lower than Verbal IQs in 18 of 19 children who were administered this test, and DQs of the cognitive adaptive (C-A) area of the K-form developmental test (a popular test in Japan) were lower than those of the language social area in all 12 children taking this test. Among eight children having performance IQs or DQs of C-A less than 50, seven acquired reading ability of Hiragana at 8 years of age or below. A visuoperceptual disorder manifested by diplegic children with PVL does not affect the acquisition of Kana-reading ability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

In search of factors in deaf and hearing children's reading comprehension.

The present study examined whether specific item characteristics, such as mode of acquisition (MoA) of word meanings, make reading comprehension tests particularly difficult for deaf children. Reading comprehension data on nearly 13,000 hearing 7-to-12-year-olds and 253 deaf 7-to-20-year-olds were analyzed, divided across test levels from second to sixth grade (not necessarily corresponding to chronological age). Factor analyses across item scores suggested that, of the determinants studied, MoA--referring to the type of information (perceptual, linguistic, or both) used in word meaning acquisition--was the only factor that contributed significantly to deaf and hearing children's reading comprehension. For hearing children, MoA influenced item scores at the third- and fourth-grade levels. For the deaf children, MoA influenced item scores through the sixth-grade level.

Adolescent↗