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Transmission of molecular information through electro-magnetic waves with different frequencies and its application to non-invasive diagnosis of patients as well as detection from patient's X-ray film of visible and not visible medical information: Part I.

Our previous study indicates the principle that information on the molecular structure and its quantity will be transmitted bi-directionally through a red-spectrum soft laser beam when specific molecules are placed in the close vicinity of the laser beam. The method was immediately applied for diagnosing diseases or localizing specific substances, using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, in moving or stationary animals or human subjects at clearly visible distances, without directly contacting the subject. This principle was also applied for the microscopic Bi-Digital O-Ring Test to examine cellular structures and substances within the cell at the magnified focused projected plane. The method was further expanded to an electron-microscopic Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, where, instead of a light beam as a source of electromagnetic wave carrier, an electron beam was used. Thus, it was possible to study the ultra-fine structure of cells. During the past several years, the author has been experimenting with the question of whether, instead of using visible light in the microscopic Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, if much shorter wavelengths, such as X-ray with strong penetrating force through living tissue, are used as the carriers of molecular information, and if X-ray pictures of the body are evaluated by a similar method as in the microscopic Bi-Digital O-Ring Test, molecular information existing in the pathways of the X-ray through the body might be detectable or not. Our studies indicate that, using X-ray film with good picture quality taken of specific parts of the body, one can detect not only specific microbial infections, such as bacterial, viral, or spirochete (e.g., Lyme), and changes in local chemistry including blood chemistry such as glucose, total cholesterol, uric acid, in major arteries or the heart, but also potentially effective medication. Using the Bi-Digital O-Ring Test resonance phenomenon between a reference control substance and an identical substance or its electromagnetic field imprint, anatomical structures of the soft tissue, such as blood vessels, nerves, and muscles can be identified even when they are not visible on the X-ray film because of the masking effect of other tissues with high density or large volume of tissue. Similar findings were also found in the CAT Scan and MRI pictures of normal and abnormal organs of the body. In this paper, two examples of such analyses, i.e. X-ray films of one patient with adenocarcinoma of the colon and another patient with rheumatoid arthritis of the knee joint are shown.

Arthritis, Infectious↗

[Ultrasound-guided laparoscopic ischemia of uterine leiomyomas].

OBJECTIVE: Implementation of minimally invasive selective ischemization of uterine leiomyomas at fertile age women. DESIGN: Pilot study. SETTINGS: Gynecological institute GynCentrum, Prague. SUBJECT AND METHODS: Ultrasound guided laparoscopic electro-coagulation of myoma's vascular stalk was carried out at consecutive 48 women during June 2000-June 2002. RESULTS: Significant reduction of the original size of the leiomyoma was achieved at 98% of women during 3 months after the surgery. No surgery complications were observed as well as any obstetrical complications at five patients getting pregnant after the procedure. CONCLUSION: In addition to good therapeutic effect this minimally invasive technique brings more rapid recovery, smaller visible incisions and reduced complication, particularly during consequent pregnancy.

Adult↗

Effects of quantum noise and binocular summation on dose requirements in stereoradiography.

In the case of a quantum-noise limited detector, signal detection theory suggests that stereoradiographic images can be acquired with one half of the per-image dose needed for a standard radiographic projection, as information from the two stereo images can be combined. Previously, film-screen stereoradiography has been performed using the same per-image dose as in projection radiography, i.e., doubling the total dose. In this paper, the assumption of a possible decrease in dose for stereoradiography was tested by a series of contrast-detail experiments, using phantom images acquired over a range of exposures. The number of visible details, the effective reduction of the dose, and the effective decrease in the threshold signal-to-noise ratio were determined using human observers under several display and viewing conditions. These results were averaged over five observers and compared with multiple readings by a single observer and with the results of an additional observer with limited stereoscopic acuity. Experimental results show that the total dose needed to produce a stereoradiographic image pair is approximately 1.1 times the dose needed for a single projection in standard radiography, indicating that under these conditions the human visual system demonstrates almost ideal binocular summation.

Depth Perception↗

Ultrastructure of the first component of human complement: electron microscopy of the crosslinked complex.

Electron micrographs are shown of the first component of human complement (C1) which has been crosslinked with a water-soluble carbodiimide to prevent dissociation into its C1q and C1r2C1s2 subunits. Two projections of the crosslinked molecule are seen in the electron micrographs, which are called "top" and "profile." In both views, the C1q heads are visible. From the top, the C1r2C1s2 tetrameric subunits appears to be located centrally on the C1q and folded to form a compact mass obscuring most of the arms and central bundle. In profile, the tetramer appears to be located in the region of the arms between the C1q heads and the central bundle. Both the heads and the rod-like central bundle appear to be free of C1r2C1s2 in these profile projections. Sometimes it is possible to count more than six domains in the region of the C1q heads, as though a portion of the tetramer had unfolded to protrude among the heads.

Complement C1↗

Radiographic identification of ingested disc batteries.

Recently, the hazards posed by the accidental ingestion and impaction of small disc batteries have been widely publicized in the medical and lay press. These foreign bodies, when lodged in the esophagus, leak a caustic solution of 26 to 45% sodium or potassium hydroxide which can cause a burn injury to the esophagus in a very short period of time. Because of the considerable clinical morbidity and mortality from this foreign body, it becomes imperative for the radiologist to quickly and accurately identify disc batteries on plain radiographs. This communication offers a series of radiologic signs important in the identification of disc batteries. When viewed in an anterior projection, disc batteries demonstrate a double density shadow due to the bilaminar structure of the battery. On lateral view, the edges of most disc batteries are round and again present a step-off at the junction of the cathode and anode. These findings are differentiated from the more common esophageal foreign body of a coin which does not have a double density on frontal projection, has a much sharper edge and no visible step-off.

Child, Preschool↗

Vesicle-reconstituted low density lipoprotein receptor. Visualization by cryoelectron microscopy.

The low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is a key protein for maintaining cellular cholesterol homeostasis by binding cholesterol-rich lipoproteins through their apoB and apoE apoproteins. The LDL receptor is a transmembrane glycoprotein of M(r) approximately 115 kDa; based on its primary sequence, five distinct structural domains have been identified (Yamamoto, T., Davis, C. G., Brown, M. S., Schneider, W. J., Casey, M. L., Goldstein, J. L., and Russell, D. W. (1984) Cell 39, 27-38). As a first step toward providing a structural description of the intact LDL receptor, the receptor has been purified from bovine adrenal cortices, reconstituted into unilamellar egg yolk phosphatidylcholine vesicles, and imaged using cryoelectron microscopy (cryoEM). CryoEM has the advantage of providing images of the reconstituted LDL receptor in its frozen, fully hydrated state. LDL receptor molecules were visualized as elongated, stick-like projections from the vesicle surface with maximum dimensions approximately 120-A length by approximately 45-A width. In some of the images, a short arm (or arms) was visible at the distal end of the stick-like projections. The LDL receptor was labeled via accessible free cysteine residues, probably including that corresponding to Cys-431 of the known full-length sequence of the human LDL receptor. The accessible cysteine was demonstrated using a maleimide-biotin.streptavidin conjugate and confirmed by labeling with monomaleimido-Nanogold. Images obtained by cryoEM showed that the extracellular stick-like domain of the reconstituted LDL receptor was labeled by Nanogold. This combined cryoEM-Nanogold labeling study has provided the first low resolution structural images of the reconstituted, full-length bovine LDL receptor.

Adrenal Cortex↗

Conveyance of information and viewing conditions of X-ray films.

This study was performed to get information about the influence of different viewing conditions on detail visibility. 16 subjects took part in this research project. From what they saw it became evident that with regard to the general viewing conditions, under optimum viewing conditions about 80% detail visibility is reached.

Humans↗

[The reliability of apical x-ray pictures in the diagnosis of mandibular bone lesions. A review of the literature and in-vitro study].

Using 6 macerated human anatomical preparations of mandibular jaw regions with either front teeth or premolars and molars, the radiological detectability of artificial periapical bone lesions was evaluated in relation to the size of the lesions and to the angle of x-ray projection. The artificial lesions were enlarged stepwise until distinct radiological visibility was attained. For each step of enlargement, x-ray pictures were taken with orthoradial as well as with at 25 degrees mesially and distally excentered projections. All x-ray pictures were evaluated by 6 dentists. The following results were obtained: The size of a periapical bone lesion, at which it is becoming radiologically detectable, varies between the different regions of the lower jaw. Isolated spongiosa lesions being larger than 3 mm in diameter are most often detectable at mandibular front teeth and premolars. Isolated spongiosa lesions at mandibular molars are generally non-detectable. Atypical lesions, e.g. discontinuities of bony structures are particularly difficult to detect radiologically. There were no statistically significant differences in lesion detectability between x-rays of different angle projections.

Bone Diseases↗

Insect olfaction: a map of smell in the brain.

Humans use three classes of photoreceptor to span the visible spectrum, but smell relies on hundreds of distinct classes of olfactory receptor neuron. Even the simple fruitfly has around 50 classes of olfactory receptor neuron. Two new studies map the projections of the great majority of these neurons into stereotyped positions in the fly brain, giving us an almost complete atlas of olfactory information transfer.

Animals↗

Functional specializations in human cerebral cortex analyzed using the Visible Man surface-based atlas.

We used surface-based representations to analyze functional specializations in the human cerebral cortex. A computerized reconstruction of the cortical surface of the Visible Man digital atlas was generated and transformed to the Talairach coordinate system. This surface was also flattened and used to establish a surface-based coordinate system that respects the topology of the cortical sheet. The linkage between two-dimensional and three-dimensional representations allows the locations of published neuroimaging activation foci to be stereotaxically projected onto the Visible Man cortical flat map. An analysis of two activation studies related to the hearing and reading of music and of words illustrates how this approach permits the systematic estimation of the degree of functional segregation and of potential functional overlap for different aspects of sensory processing.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗

Efficacy of step-oblique mammography for confirmation and localization of densities seen on only one standard mammographic view.

OBJECTIVE: Step-oblique mammography is a technique used to determine with confidence whether a mammographic finding visible on multiple images on only one projection (but not elucidated using standard additional mammographic projections such as the roll view) represents a summation artifact or a true mass, and to precisely localize the true mass for further evaluation (if applicable). This paper describes the step-oblique technique and evaluates its efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1998, 69 consecutive women underwent step-oblique mammography for the evaluation of densities seen on multiple images in only one standard projection. Additional images were obtained at 15 degrees stepped increments in obliquity. If a one-projection-only finding was not seen on step-oblique images, the density was judged to represent a summation artifact, completing the examination. If a density was visualized and could be triangulated concordantly on step-oblique images ranging from the craniocaudal to the 90 degrees lateral projection, then it was judged to represent a real lesion. Such a lesion was further characterized (mass, neodensity, architectural distortion, focal asymmetric density) and was localized precisely in three dimensions, permitting imaging-guided tissue diagnosis, if appropriate. For all study patients, we also recorded BI-RADS (American College of Radiology Breast Imaging and Data Reporting System) assessment categories; pathology results for biopsied lesions; and mammographic follow-up, clinical follow-up, and linkage to regional tumor registry for nonbiopsied lesions for which at least 2 years had elapsed since step-oblique mammography. RESULTS: Step-oblique mammography differentiated 50 real lesions from 19 summation artifacts. All 50 real lesions, although initially visible on only one standard projection, were successfully localized in three dimensions. Subsequent management resulted in the prompt detection and diagnosis of seven breast cancers and 21 benign lesions. None of the remaining findings managed by follow-up rather than biopsy have subsequently been found to be malignant. CONCLUSION: Step-oblique mammography is an effective means of evaluating the mammographic finding visible on multiple images on only one standard projection.

Artifacts↗

The primate serotonergic system: a review of human and animal studies and a report on Macaca fascicularis.

This chapter has reviewed biochemical and morphological studies of the human and monkey serotonergic system. In addition, the serotonin-producing neurons of M fascicularis were analyzed, using immunocytochemistry, radioautography, and measurements of synaptosomal serotonin reuptake and supernatant tryptophan hydroxylase activity. The major sections of the chapter covered cell bodies, pathways, subcortical distribution, and cortical distribution, and a gross brain dissection guide of M fascicularis is included. An atlas of the 5-HT-IR cell bodies was presented in Figures 7 to 33. Rostral and caudal groups of nuclei were discussed. The rostral group consists principally of the nuclei raphe dorsalis (B7 and B6), centralis superior (B8, B5, and part of B7), and prosupralemniscus (B9). These groups ascend mainly in tracts lying outside the medial forebrain bundle (MFB). In M fascicularis, 25% of the fibers within the MFB are myelinated. The caudal 5-HT-IR nuclei consist principally of the nuclei in a dorsal cluster (raphe obscurus, B2) and in a ventral cluster (pallidus, B1, and magnus B3). The dorsal 5-HT-IR cells in raphe obscurus are associated with the MLF, and cells extend into cervical spinal cord (lamina IX and X) with the descending MLF and the TTS. Fibers from the raphe obscurus innervate the motoneurons in both the cranial nuclei (X, XII) and the ventral horn. The ventral 5-HT-IR cells lie mainly medial to the medial leminiscal fibers. A large number of these cells extend laterally into paragigantocellularis lateralis and here extend caudally lying below the lateral reticular nuclei. Cells from this group are seen dorsally joining the internal arcuate fibers. The raphe magnus of the ventral cluster projects to the dorsal horn and is believed to mediate the serotonin-induced analgesia. The descending fibers from both of these clusters are occasionally myelinated. Also, in our tryptophan- and pargyline-pretreated monkeys, small 5 HT-IR cells were visible in the area postrema. Human and monkey biochemical data (detailed summary in Tables 1-6) provide evidence for the presence of serotonin fibers in all cortical and subcortical regions. In subcortical regions, the midbrain, medulla, amygdala, and substantia nigra have the highest, whereas the cerebellum, spinal cord, and ventral pons have the lowest amount of serotonin and its metabolite, 5-HIAA. In the basal ganglion, the globus pallidus has the highest rate of 5-HT synthesis. The temporal lobe receives the most serotonin of the major cortical lobes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

The technological edge.

A MedLINK project has developed a novel coating for needles that provides maximum ultrasound signal contrast, thus improving their visibility and aiding their accurate placement durning interventional procedures.

Biopsy, Needle↗

[The laser pointer: no demonstrated danger to the eyes].

If laser pointers are powerful enough (> 5 mW), they can cause ocular damage. Most laser pointers in use, however, have low power, viz. 1 mW. In the peer-reviewed scientific literature worldwide not a single case of eye damage due to laser pointers is described. A review among Dutch ophthalmologists up to June 1998 revealed no cases of permanent damage caused by laser pointers. In view of the widespread use of laser pointers, the risk of retinal damage must be minimal, even with the types now banned. Laser pointers of 1 mW emitting light red or green light have sufficient visibility on projection screens. It is advisable to prohibit the sale of more powerful pointers to prevent excesses.

Eye Injuries↗

Birth of normal kids after microinjection of pronuclear embryos in a transgenic goat (Capra hircus) production program in Brazil.

This pilot project was designed to determine if normal kids could be produced after microinjection in pronuclear embryos and subsequent transfer to recipients in a transgenic goat program in Brazil. Twelve donors of the Saanen breed and 17 recipients of an undefined breed were used. The estrus of both donors and recipients was synchronized by a standard progestagen treatment and superovulation obtained by six pFSH injections. Donors in estrus were mated with fertile Saanen bucks. Zygotes were recovered surgically by flushing oviducts. The recovered zygotes with visible pronuclei were microinjected with 500 to 1000 copies of the human G-CSF gene. Two or four embryos were surgically transferred into the oviducts of recipients. One recipient became pregnant and two kids were born. No transgenic goat was identified after PCR analysis. Even though transgenic goats were not obtained, this experiment establishes the basis of a synchronization and superovulation regimen for use in goats raised in Brazil, for the purpose of collecting and manipulating the pronuclear embryos. This project also showed that microinjected one-cell goat embryos can survive to produce live young following surgical transfer.

Animals↗

The value of inspiratory-expiratory lateral decubitus views in the diagnosis of small pleural effusions.

AIM: To evaluate the usefulness of expiratory lateral decubitus views in the radiological diagnosis of small pleural effusions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients referred for abdominal sonography for various reasons were examined for ultrasonographic features of pleural effusion. From November 1994 until May 1996, 36 patients were found to have pleural effusion not exceeding 15 mm in depth and were included in the study. Erect posteroanterior, lateral, and lateral decubitus (in inspiration and expiration) ragiographs were performed in all patients. RESULTS: The mean thickness of fluid was 4.3 mm on inspiratory lateral decubitus radiographs and 7.9 mm on expiratory lateral decubitus views (P < 0.005). In 31 of 36 patients (86%) there was a difference in the thickness of the fluid layer as measured in expiratory vs. inspiratory lateral decubitus radiographs. In 16% of patients, the fluid was not visible on inspiratory lateral decubitus projections. CONCLUSIONS: Expiratory lateral decubitus views may be useful for demonstrating small pleural effusions.

Adult↗

Surface ultrastructure of human dermis and wounds.

Scanning electron microscopic observations of the de-epidermalized surfaces of wounds and control skin reveal the architecture of dermal collagen. At wound edges there is a transition from the normal regular rete peg structure through erratically shaped finger-like projections with buds, to the relatively flat surface of granulation tissue. A corresponding change in the ultrastructure of dermal collagen is seen from normal areas where bundles of thick fibres are made up from finer fibrils, through a transitional zone where only fine fibrils are visible, to the granulation tissue where a disorganised amorphous structure is seen. It is suggested that the fibrous tissue surface at the edges of healing wounds is extensively remodelled after it is covered by epidermal cells.

Basement Membrane↗

A method for in vivo MR imaging of the short T2 component of sodium-23.

A magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequence featuring a short echo time of 3.6 ms is described and used clinically for in vivo imaging of sodium-23 in the human head. In living tissues, sodium exhibits at least two transverse relaxation constants, namely, (a) a short component T2s = 0.7-3.0 ms and (b) a long component T2e = 16-30 ms. Since our first in vivo imaging of sodium, an echo time of 10-15 ms has been used by us and by other investigators. This echo time is adequate for the observation of the long T2 component of sodium. However, a substantial fraction of the sodium, namely, the short T2 component, representing about 40%, has remained undetected by the imaging method with this echo time and is now observable by the new pulse sequence. The proposed method is a hybrid technique combining both projection reconstruction and Fourier encoding schemes. The projection reconstruction is used for the xy plane imaging while the Fourier encoding is used for slice separation. Sodium MR images of the human head produced with a short and a long TE are presented and analyzed. There is an increase in the MR signal and improved visibility of intraparenchymal sodium with the new scheme of short TE.

Brain↗