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PubMed1994

[Utilization of an electronic archive in the organization of clinical data from patients at a dialysis center].

Today multiple programs allow storing of clinical data not yet satisfactory to practical management of nephrological patients. This work presents an electronic case history realized for nephrologic hospitalized or out patients, both in dialysis and in maintenance treatment, processed on a data-base (Fourth Dimension of Apple- Macintosh) which uses a "fourth generation" programming language and allows a personal or a multiple choice and a full data protection. As well as the personal or a multiple choice and a full data protection. As well as the storage of data about a single patient, the program allows an evaluation with correlations of data about all the patients. Fourth Dimension allows any sort of printing too, reports, accounts, cards, requests for tests, prescriptions and labels, with any kind of information coming from different files, which allows: a) to program pharmacological and dialytical treatments; b) to organize the employment of kidney machines according to the real needs and the availability; c) to balance weekly times, improving the working program; d) to plan prospects of expenses for the following year.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗
PubMed1977

A versatile computing system for sampling, manipulation and display of biological signals using high-level language.

A medium sized minicomputer system is presented as an attractive way of balancing the cost of computing equipment with that of programme development. A versatile circuit has been coupled to a computer system and programmes have been developed to control the functions of this circuit. With such a system it is possible for relatively untrained biological workers to use FORTRAN programming language to control sampling of analogue signals, manipulation of data and finally graphical presentation of results. The system is proposed for use both in anaesthetic research and in on-line monitoring of critically ill patients.

Analog-Digital Conversion↗
PubMed1989

Problems in applying expert system technology to radiographic image interpretation.

A prototype expert system was developed to study the problems applying expert system technology to radiographic image interpretation. The Radiographic Image Interpretation System (RIIS) was developed on a microcomputer using Turbo Prolog, a low cost implementation of the prolog programming language. The present implementation of RIIS was developed to highlight potential problems in applying expert system technology in the evaluation of radiographic images. It was believed that the evaluation of this prototype expert system should include a large number of users unfamiliar with the program's use as this would probably be the case in clinical use of an image interpretation expert system. At present, the expert system deals with a limited domain of focal bony lesions. Twenty cases of pathologically proven bony lesions of varying difficulty were used to evaluate potential problems in the use of this expert system technology. RIIS, with the 20 sample cases, was presented as an exhibit at the 1987 Radiological Society of North America (RSNA) meeting to evaluate the potential problems with inexperienced users. These results were compared with those of experienced users. When a musculoskeletal radiologist, familiar with the programs use, provided the "proper description," the program averaged the correct diagnosis in the top five 80% of the time. During the program's use at the RSNA meeting, the program selected the correct diagnosis in the top five 22% of the time.

Bone Neoplasms↗
PubMed1990

Recombinant DNA laboratory data manager using DBASE III+.

The use of recombinant DNA technology in clinical and research laboratories involves diverse information management functions such as keeping track of patient samples, blot membranes, polymerase chain reaction products and test results. We report here the use of a PC-based database manager (DBASE III+, Ashton-Tate) for the coordinated maintenance of these functions. We have implemented a menu driven interface, developed using DBASE's programming language, which provides a data entry and maintenance system. The system is easily learned by technologists and saves time and reduces data handling errors compared to a manual method. The system can rapidly look up data and produce customized worksheets or reports correlating all available clinical and laboratory information. We will provide a copy of the program disc to interested parties.

DNA, Recombinant↗
PubMed1979

Mlab--a mathematical modeling tool.

An interactive interpreter called Mlab is described. One uses Mlab by typing commands. In this sense, Mlab is a programming language. It has various mathematical and graphical facilities which make it a useful tool for mathematical modeling. The curve fitting capabilities of Mlab are augmented with differential-equation-handling and matrix-manipulation capabilities which provide a powerful and civilized facility for curve fitting. Many people are engaged in this activity, and, in general, they use programs which are neither sufficiently general nor easy to use. (Some conventional programming is usually required, for example.) Mlab purports to be easier than alternate approaches. The nature of Mlab is discussed with accompanying examples. The main example is the use of curve fitting to determine molecular weight from ultracentrifuge data. This example was chosen because it exhibits a special feature of Mlab, namely the root operator, which appears in the definition of the model function.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Computer-based tutorial in MR imaging.

PURPOSE: To test the effectiveness of customized software as a teaching tool to help the novice understand basic physics concepts underlying the creation of MR images via various pulse sequences. METHODS: The authors have developed animating graphic and highly interactive electronic MR audiovisual software for the Macintosh computer in the C programming language, and have integrated it into the classroom setting for teaching MR imaging physics concepts such as T1, T2, T2*, proton density, RF excitation, TR, TE, TI, flip angle, static magnetic field strength, gradient magnetic fields, section thickness, number of phase-encoding gradients, number of excitations, field of view, intersection gap, receiver bandwidth, contrast agent(s), etc. The program interactively demonstrates the effects of these variables upon such imaging objectives as voxel dimensions, section quantity, total scanned volume, signal-to-noise ratio, contrast, contrast-to-noise ratios, resolving power, and scan acquisition time. Partial saturation, gradient echo, inversion recovery, and fat-saturation imaging techniques are included. Written posttests on the syllabus covered in our basic MR course were administered to three groups: 43 student professionals (technologist/physicist/radiologist) (control professional group) before, 149 student professionals (exposed professional group) after the addition of the tutorial software into the MR course as an integral part of the teaching process, and a group of 200 pharmaceutical sales staff with little to no prior MR or scientific background (exposed pharmaceutical group). The scores were then evaluated and compared among the groups. One hundred ten students exposed to this software also anonymously rated the software on a 1 to 5 scale (harmful to very helpful, respectively) as to their feeling regarding its role in their MR educational experience and the ease with which they were able to understand the material covered in the basic MR course curriculum. RESULTS: Mean test scores were statistically significantly lower in the Control Professional Group (60%, +/- 2.59 standard error of the mean (SEM)) than in either the Exposed Pharmaceutical (73% +/- 0.75 SEM) or Exposed Professional Groups (77% +/- 0.99 SEM). The mean subjective assessment score regarding the software was 4.8 (scale 1 to 5). CONCLUSION: This custom-developed interactive MR tutorial software is demonstrated to be effective in assisting even those new to MR imaging in understanding the concepts underlying MR imaging physics in a manner that is felt to be significantly more palatable than lectures, articles, and/or textbooks alone.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Language acquisition in CLP children. 3. Results].

Following part I "Fundamentals" and part II "Procedures", this third part presents the findings about language acquisition and the conditions governing this process in 315 CLP children. It has been shown that early language programs for CLP families leads to the linguistic rehabilitation of these children before they reach school age. Semantically and syntactically complex sentences at the age of 2-3 years results in good articulation at age 5-6. Early precision of articulation is usually associated with an increased risk for psychosomatic complications. The complexity of the cleft at birth is of minor importance for language acquisition, whereas early treatment, parents' compliance and avoidance of corrections and sensitizations are decisive for the successful course of the child's language development at the age of 5-6 years.

Child↗
PubMed1975

Computer-aided management of hypertensive patients.

A computerized system has been developed which potentially enables a single expert physician to monitor a large number of hypertensive patients being seen at distant locations. The patients may receive their care directly from primary care physicians or nurse-physician surrogates. Primary care physicians can use the same data bank to monitor their own panels of patients. These goals are accomplished through a special purpose, interactive programming language which can be used to perform sophisticated data retrieval along different complexes of parameters. The physician is able to query the computer, via a terminal, about any group of patient he defines and have displayed to him the clinical data requested. The system is open-ended, enabling one query to lead to another. Four hundred and ninety-three patients have been entered into this program so far, including 29 patients with diastolic pressures greater than 115, 92 with diastolic pressures of 104 to 114, and 372 with diastolics of 90 to 104. Among patients who have been on therapy for at least six weeks, 80 per cent were at goal blood pressure. Ten to 14 weeks after therapy was initiated, 69 per cent of all patients in the program were at goal blood pressure. The system provides a useful means of monitoring a large hypertensive population of patients. Such a system can result in a more efficient utilization of medical personnel and can bring the consultative services of highly trained specialists to larger segments of the population.

Computers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Developing functional requesting: acquisition, durability, and generalization of effects.

This study investigated the effects of a language program called the missing-item format, on the acquisition of requesting during snack periods. The missing-item format, an assessment and training approach, develops a child's spontaneous requesting skills in everyday tasks. Generalization and response-durability measures were also collected. The missing-item format produced effects in requests for targeted snack items, but not for the majority of generalization and durability measures. A generalization training program was then implemented, using the missing-item format. As a result, a requesting repertoire that was durable and generalized across multiple settings and stimulus conditions was established in both students.

Child↗
PubMed1980

Continuing management of conductive hearing loss during language development.

Recently greater attention has been focussed on the possibility that mild fluctuating or intermittent hearing loss, as seen in one of early childhood's most common illnesses, otitis media, may have long-lasting and sometimes devastating effects on language development and learning. Conductive hearing loss in serous otitis media most affects frequencies below 2000 Hz, and the duration of hearing loss after an acute episode of otitis media may last 6-24 months in up to 30% of affected children. The first principle of management of this problem and congenital conductive hearing loss is detection prior to language delay. Special attention should be given to neurologically handicapped, retarded, learning disabled or physically frail children since their deficient speech and language are often attributed to abnormal neurologic or intellectual status. Treatment includes limited use of vasoactive decongestants; for acute suppurative otitis media antibiotics may be chosen empirically with a high percentage of good results. Other measures include speech and language evaluation, home stimulation language programs and temporary or longterm amplification. The surgeon assesses the patient for potential operability. Surgery to correct a congenital conductive lesion should not be attempted in an only hearing ear.

Acoustic Impedance Tests↗
PubMed1982

A computerized perinatal data system. The Arizona experience.

The development of a regional data system was one of the major objectives of the Arizona Perinatal Program funded by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. To achieve this objective, a decision was made to adopt and expand a perinatal data system under development at St. Joseph's Hospital in Phoenix. This shift from what was planned as a highly sophisticated single hospital system, which would include real-time data storage as well as paper acquired data, required certain sacrifices and resulted in certain problems as well as significant gains for the region. The data system is made up of two major components - (1) a paper record system in which the documents completed by physician or nurse serve both as the official medical record and computer-input document and (2) a computer using the Meditech Interpretive Information System (MIIS) version of the MUMPS operating system and language. Programs to achieve the goals and objectives established for the system are described. Lessons learned from this experience which may be helpful to others interested in similar developments are described.

Arizona↗
PubMed1994

Social valence in children with specific language impairment during imitation-based and conversation-based language intervention.

This study investigated the level of social valence and type of social behaviors expressed in 15 children with specific language impairment as they engaged in typical language intervention activities during conversation-based and imitation-based language programs. These programs were both applied to each child over a period of several weeks. Videotapes of treatment sessions were analyzed for the presence of five verbal and 11 nonverbal behaviors selected to measure social valence. In addition, the child's level of social valence was scored on a three-point rating scale. The results showed that although both types of treatments were predominantly associated with positive social valence ratings and a high frequency of smiling, laughing, and engagement in the activities, a significantly higher number of these positive ratings and behaviors were noted within conversation-based treatment. In contrast, although negative social valence ratings and expressions of boredom or dislike were very rare, these were observed more frequently under imitation-based treatment. There was a significantly higher rate of verbal initiations in the conversation-based treatment, and a significantly higher rate of quiet, passive participation in the imitation-based treatment. The findings are discussed in relation to treatment selection and viable strategies for assessing treatment acceptability in children.

Child Language↗
PubMed1986

Toward computerized morphometric facilities: a review of 58 software packages for computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction, quantification, and picture generation from parallel serial sections.

This review gives an inventory of 58 computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction applications in the domain of biomedical research. It is devoted to the formulation of a set of recommendations thought to be necessary for improved performance of software packages in this field. These recommendations can be used to select packages and to guide future developments of existing reconstruction systems. The survey is restricted to three-dimensional reconstructions based upon a series of parallel sections of an object. Subjects treated are programming languages, resolution and sampling, input preparation, realignment, local deformation of slices, numerical quantifications, topological complexity, internal representation, display complexity (hidden surfaces, shading, smoothing), structure extraction, descriptive elements, database, data compression, time efficiency of systems and algorithms, hardware configuration, input devices, input media, interactive aids, display devices, and output devices. Information for this survey comes from articles that appeared between 1965 and 1985.

Computers↗
PubMed1988

Microcomputer-assisted filing system of cardiac catheterization records using a relational database management system.

To efficiently store and retrieve cardiac catheterization records, we have developed a computer-assisted database, which comprises a 16-bit microcomputer with dual floppy disk drives, a 20 MB random-access memory, hard disk drive, and a line printer. All programmings were accomplished using a relational database management system (R:base 5000, Microrim, Inc.). Data inquiry procedures could be performed with direct operational commands of the system as well as with preprogrammed command files, and final results of searches were printed out with a line printer. The major advantages of the present system described in this report include: (1) the relatively easy and rapid creation of the database, (2) ease of modification of the database structures even after the system design is finished, (3) operational commands in combination with conditional operator(s) are flexible and powerful enough to allow the end user to retrieve data based on various kinds of criteria, (4) a high-level programming language provided by the R:base automates a series of database procedures with relative ease, (5) relational capabilities of the database management system can enhance the possibility of reconstruction of a new data file from a single or several preexisting data files, and (6) the system can be realized at reasonable cost.

Cardiac Catheterization↗
PubMed1987

[Computer-assisted identification of basic substances].

The potential applications of a personal computer with integrated database software in toxicologic analysis are discussed. A toxicologic database including 370 basic compounds, is presented that was built up without knowledge of a higher programming language and was used as a base for drug identification in normal analysis by PC, DC and GC.

Chromatography, Gas↗
PubMed1986

Symbolic reasoning about myocardial scintigrams in PROLOG.

PROLOG (PROgramming in LOGic) is the declarative programming language at the heart of the Japanese fifth-generation computer project. It is proposed that PROLOG is a suitable tool for symbolic image processing, once standard preprocessing has been done. In the present application, the problem of prediction of coronary anatomy from myocardial scintigrams is addressed. Uncertainty is dealt with by a combination of fuzzy-set theoretic and probabilistic reasoning. Heuristic classification rules are based on clinical experience and on a set of 247 myocardial scintigrams with their corresponding coronary angiograms.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1990

Structured spreadsheet modeling in medical decision making and research.

The construction, evaluation, implementation, and use of models representing various algorithms, strategies, methods, theories etc. based on the analysis of great amounts of data are necessary in both Medical Research and Decision Making (MR/DM). Performing such tasks manually is not only time consuming and tedious, but also very error-prone. The appearance of a computer with its ability to store and process information has opened an opportunity to facilitate enormously and improve activities. However, the effective use of computers is limited by difficulties accompanying noncomputer specialists like doctors, nurses, and other medical staff in learning and using conventional programming languages, tools, and techniques. In this paper we present Structured Spreadsheet Modeling as a possible solution, and show that it is applicable in the MR/DM field on a concrete basis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

A microcomputer data base system for an in vitro fertilization clinic programmed in BASIC.

A computer program was developed for the IBM personal computer to be used for in vitro fertilization and gamete intrafallopian transfer clinics. This program, written in BASIC, allows input, editing, updating, sorting, and printing of patient data. Statistical functions permit summation of patient data based on various combinations of user-defined treatment cycles, diagnoses, and protocols, thus making possible comparison of pregnancy and other patient data between and among various treatment groups and diagnoses. The statistical information can be continually updated and revised when new data become available on patients (such as confirmation of pregnancy by ultrasound or live births) and at the end of each cycle. The formats used are useful in assimilating individual clinic data for various surveys and other reporting requirements. The program can be easily modified by anyone with minimal training in the BASIC programming language.

Ambulatory Care Facilities↗