PubMed · 9335191
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1997-10-03. Expanded programme on immunization (EPI).. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9335191/
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BACKGROUND: While Zika virus (ZIKV) is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes, numerous cases of sexual transmission have been reported during recent outbreaks. Little is known about which host cell types or entry factors aid in mediating this sexual transmission. METHODS: In this study, we investigated ZIKV cell tropism by infecting 2 types of human prostate cells with 3 contemporary ZIKV isolates from persons infected in the Americas. We used real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunofluorescence analyses to measure infection and flow cytometry to detect entry factor expression. RESULTS: Here we show that ZIKV infects, replicates, and produces infectious virus in prostate stromal mesenchymal stem cells, epithelial cells, and organoids made with a combination of these cells. We also show that prostate cells express several well-characterized flavivirus attachment factors. In contrast, dengue virus does not infect or does not replicate in these prostate cells, although it is known to use similar receptors. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that ZIKV favors infection of stromal cells more so than epithelial cells in organoids, possibly indicating a preference for stem cells in general. Overall, these results suggest that ZIKV replication occurs in the human prostate and can account for ZIKV secretion in semen, thus leading to sexual transmission.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) is a group of cancers of epithelial origin that may provide an ideal model for the study of gene-environment interaction. SCCHN includes squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Approximately 90% of the attributable risk for oral cancer and 80% of the attributable risk for larynx cancer results from tobacco use. Tobacco smoking has been demonstrated to increase the risk of SCCHN in a dose-response fashion. Polymorphisms of carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, known to be involved in metabolism of carcinogens found in tobacco smoke, are relatively common in most populations. This paper provides a concise review of the 24 published studies that evaluated the risk of SCCHN in relation to two deletion polymorphisms of the glutathione S-transferase family: GSTM1 and GSTT1. Patterns of risk based on the site of the tumor and on nationality are presented, as are some methodological weaknesses of the studies. The results of these studies are inconsistent, with some reporting weak-to-moderate associations and others finding no elevation in risk for the main effect of the gene. Few studies have directly evaluated the interaction with tobacco. Well-designed, population-based studies of adequate size are needed.
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