PubMed · 8577199
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G C Freedman. 1996. Estrogen replacement therapy.. https://doi.org/10.4065/71.2.212-a
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Accurate measurement of semen exposure resulting from condom failures can refine public health messages and improve predictions of condom efficacy in preventing pregnancy and HIV transmission. Eight hundred and thirty couples enrolled in a condom efficacy study were asked to collect a baseline sample of ejaculate from the inside of the first study condom they used and to collect a postcoital vaginal sample whenever a study condom broke or slipped off during intercourse. All samples were quantitatively tested for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a substance found only in human semen, using rocket immunoelectrophoresis, and inspected microscopically for presence of sperm. Sixty-eight baseline ejaculate samples collected from the inside of the first study condom by couples who subsequently experienced a condom failure averaged 13.4 microg PSA per swab and 79% of the samples averaged one or more sperm per high power field (hpf). Seventy-nine postcoital vaginal samples obtained after a condom break averaged 5.7 microg PSA per swab and only 38% averaged one or more sperm per hpf. The PSA results indicated a 50% reduction in semen exposure compared to baseline levels (p = 0.0001). Seventeen samples obtained after a condom slip-off averaged 2.5 microg PSA per swab and none of the samples averaged one or more sperm per hpf. The PSA results indicated an 80% reduction in semen exposure compared to baseline levels (p = 0.0001). Our results suggest that even condoms that fail reduce the risk of pregnancy and the transmission of sexually transmitted disease compared to unprotected intercourse. We also used PSA results to adjust a model designed to predict consistent-use pregnancy rates from condom breakage and slippage data.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to provide evidence about the mechanism of action of the Yuzpe method of emergency contraception by examining effectiveness by cycle day of intercourse relative to ovulation. METHODS: Through a literature search, we identified eight studies that present the number of women treated and outcome of treatment by cycle day of unprotected intercourse relative to expected day of ovulation. Using five sets of external estimates of conception probabilities by cycle day of intercourse among women not using contraception, we assessed and compared the effectiveness of the Yuzpe regimen by whether intercourse occurred on or before the second day before ovulation or afterward, and whether intercourse occurred on or before the first day before ovulation or afterward. RESULTS: In 36 of the 45 pairs of estimates of effectiveness, based on eight separate studies and the eight studies combined and five different sets of conception probabilities by cycle day, effectiveness was higher-and in most cases substantially higher-when intercourse occurred on or before the second day before ovulation (day -2) than when it occurred later. When data were stratified by whether intercourse occurred on or before the day before ovulation (day -1), effectiveness was greater when intercourse occurred early in 43 of 45 pairs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that one hypothesized mechanism of action of the Yuzpe method, inhibiting implantation of a fertilized egg, is unlikely to be the primary mechanism of action.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness and prognostic value of transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy (THL) in infertile women. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Jichi Medical School Hospital, Tochigi, Japan. PATIENT(S): Thirty-six patients who were followed up for 6 months or longer after THL was performed. INTERVENTION(S): Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy findings in comparison with hysterosalpingography (HSG). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy findings, HSG findings, treatment strategy, and prognosis. RESULT(S): Twenty of 36 patients (55.5%) became pregnant, including 7 by coitus, 7 by artificial insemination with the husband's semen, and 6 by assisted reproductive technology (ART). In 11 of these pregnant patients, information obtained during THL differed from findings on HSG. CONCLUSION(S): Transvaginal hydrolaparoscopy is useful in selecting a future treatment strategy.