PubMed · 8490430
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L O'Keeffe. 1993-04-03. Informed consent.. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.306.6882.927-a
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A three-stage schema-based information processing model of anxiety is described that involves: (a) the initial registration of a threat stimulus; (b) the activation of a primal threat mode; and (c) the secondary activation of more elaborative and reflective modes of thinking. The defining elements of automatic and strategic processing are discussed with the cognitive bias in anxiety reconceptualized in terms of a mixture of automatic and strategic processing characteristics depending on which stage of the information processing model is under consideration. The goal in the treatment of anxiety is to deactivate the more automatic primal threat mode and to strengthen more constructive reflective modes of thinking. Arguments are presented for the inclusion of verbal mediation as a necessary but not sufficient component in the cognitive and behavioral treatment of anxiety.
Treatment of Parkinson's disease has progressed steadily for the last decades after introduction of levodopa. For recovery of striatal dysfunction caused by loss of projecting nigral cells, supplementation of neurotransmitter dopamine (DA), facilitation of neural transmission by DA agonists and amantadine, suppression of acetyl-choline neurons, having antagonistic action to DA cells, are all effective especially at the early to middle stages of illness. As prevention of neuronal cell death in parkinsonian brain has not yet been succeeded, difficulties in treatment with symptom fluctuation and CNS side effects such as dyskinesia or psychic symptoms develop inevitably in the long course of evodopa treatment. Proper choice of drugs for parkinsonian core and accompanying symptoms and selection of methods of medication for maintenance of natural daily life activities are necessary for attainment of good QOL for whole time course of the disease.