PubMed · 6908834
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M P Athayde. 1981. Nursing assertiveness in two cities.. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)66269-3
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In recent years, researchers have uncovered a link between iris pigmentation and inhibition/social wariness among young children (e.g., Rosenberg & Kagan, 1987, 1989; Rubin & Both, 1989). In the present study, 152 Caucasian preschool-aged (Mage = 54.09 months, SD = 5.84) children (77 males) with either blue (n = 84) or brown (n = 68) eyes, were compared in terms of parental and teacher ratings of social wariness, social play, and aggression. A significant Eye Color x Gender Interaction was found in terms of indices of social wariness; blue-eyed males were rated as more socially wary than brown-eyed males, while blue- and brown-eyed females did not differ in this regard. These results supported the notion that eye color is a marker variable for social wariness in young children.
Autoimmune, lupus-prone MRL-lpr mice float excessively in the forced swim test, explore novel objects and places less, and show blunted responsiveness to palatable stimuli, which is consistent with the hypothesis that the development of chronic autoimmune disease alters emotional reactivity and/or motivation. The present study measures isolation-induced fighting, a model of "affective" aggression, in lupus-prone MRL-lpr and control MRL +/+ males. When compared with controls, autoimmune MRL-lpr mice show reduced aggressiveness, as evidenced by fewer fighting contacts, longer attack latency, shorter fighting episodes and shorter duration of fighting. In addition, reduced testosterone levels accompany serological signs of autoimmunity in the MRL-lpr males. The present results support the hypothesis that affective responsiveness is altered in lupus-prone mice and may suggest limbic system dysfunction during chronic autoimmune/inflammatory disease. The question of whether immune activation alters behavior by a direct effect on the nervous system, or also via the endocrine system, requires further study.
The effects of an aggressive biting response on stress-induced noradrenaline (NA) release in the rat amygdala and gastric ulcer formation were studied with an intracerebral microdialysis technique. Rats were exposed to a 60-min period of cold restraint stress with or without being allowed to bite a wooden stick. They were sacrificed 100 min after release from stress to investigate gastric ulcer formation. Cold-restraint stress increased NA release to 304 +/- 22.3 and 206 +/- 23.8% of basal levels (mean +/- SEM) in the nonbiting and biting groups, respectively. The stress-induced increases in NA release in the nonbiting group were significantly higher than those in the biting group. In the nonbiting group, significant increases in NA release continued for 80 min after release from stress; however, NA levels in the biting group recovered to basal levels immediately after the cessation of stress. Although many severe gastric lesions with bleeding were found in the nonbiting group, fewer gastric lesions without bleeding were found in the biting group. The cumulative length of gastric lesions in the nonbiting group and in the biting group was 26.2 +/- 7.4 and 6.8 +/- 3.9 mm (mean +/- SEM), respectively. The mean number of ulcers in the nonbiting group and the biting group was 11.8 +/- 1.3 and 1.8 +/- 0.7 (mean +/- SEM), respectively. Both the cumulative length of ulcers and the number of ulcers were significantly lower than those seen in the nonbiting group. These findings strongly suggest that expression of aggression during stress exposure attenuates not only stress-induced increases in NA release in the rat amygdala but also gastric ulcer formation consequent to stress.