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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

The relationship between assertiveness, alcohol-related expectations for social assertion and drinking patterns among college students.

Alcohol-related expectancies have been shown to correlate with and predict a wide range of drinking behaviors. Rotter's social learning theory asserts that behavioral prediction can be improved through the use of reinforcement value in addition to expectancies. The present investigation evaluated this assertion in comparing the ability of alcohol-related expectancies to predict alcohol consumption for low and high assertive college students. It was hypothesized that the expectation that alcohol would facilitate social assertion would be predictive of self-reported heavy drinking by low, but not highly assertive students. Results showed that the typical quantity, maximum quantity, and frequency of drinking by low assertive females were predicted only by the expectation of Social Assertion. For low assertive males, Social Assertion was predictive of frequency of drinking. Moreover, of the students, male and female, high in assertiveness, drinking patterns were not predicted by the expectation of enhanced Social Assertion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Assertive outreach teams in London: staff experiences and perceptions. Pan-London Assertive Outreach Study, part 2.

BACKGROUND: The job satisfaction, burn-out and work experiences of assertive outreach team staff are likely to be important to the model's sustainability. AIMS: To describe self-reported views and work experiences of staff in London's 24 assertive outreach teams and to compare these with staff in community mental health teams (CMHTs) and between different types of assertive outreach team. METHOD: Confidential staff questionnaires in London's assertive outreach teams (n=187, response rate=89%) and nine randomly selected CMHTs (n=114, response rate=75%). RESULTS: Staff in assertive outreach teams and CMHTs were moderately satisfied with their jobs, with similar sources of satisfaction and stress. Mean scores were low or average for all sub-scales of the Maslach Burnout Inventory for the assertive outreach team and the CMHT staff, with some differences suggesting less burn-out in the assertive outreach teams. Nine of the 24 assertive outreach teams had team means in the high range for emotional exhaustion and there were significant differences between types of assertive outreach team in some components of burn-out and satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS: These findings are encouraging, but repeated investigation is needed when assertive outreach teams have been established for longer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Evaluation of an assertiveness training program on nursing and medical students' assertiveness, self-esteem, and interpersonal communication satisfaction.

This study's objective was to evaluate the effect of an assertiveness training program on nursing and medical students' assertiveness, self-esteem, and interpersonal communication satisfaction. Using a longitudinal research design, 69 participants whose scores on the Assertive Scale were < or = 50% (i.e., low assertiveness) and who were willing to participate were included and assigned to an experimental group (33 subjects) or comparison group (36 participants; participants were matched with the experimental group by grade and sex). Participants in the experimental group received eight 2-h sessions of assertiveness training once a week. Data were collected before and after training and again one month after the end of the training using the Rotter's Internal versus External Control of Reinforcement Scale, Sex Role Inventory, Assertive Scale, Esteem Scale, and Interpersonal Communication Satisfaction Inventory. The generalized estimated equation (GEE) method was used for statistical analysis. The assertiveness and self-esteem of the experimental group were significantly improved in nursing and medical students after assertiveness training, although interpersonal communication satisfaction of the experimental group was not significantly improved after the training program.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed1985

Perceptions of assertiveness by high- and low-assertive female college students.

The interpersonal effects of assertive and unassertive behavior on females who scored high and low in self-reported assertion were examined. Subjects from each of the two assertion categories individually interacted with a female confederate trained to act either assertively or unassertively in a structured manner. In analyzing the subjects' impressions of the confederate, no significant differences between high and low assertives on the dimensions of competence, task attraction, social attraction, likability, and desirability were found. Assertive responding appeared less salient to the observer assertee in more naturalistic conditions and its social impact seemed more attenuated when the assertive responding took on a relatively mild form that posed little or no direct social or personal risk to the receiver of the assertive behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Goal clarity as a component of assertive behavior and a result of assertion training.

Eighty Ss were given the Rathus assertion schedule and a separate test in which their clarity of goals in various interpersonal situation was assessed. It was found that there was a direct relationship between assertion and goal clarity scores; more assertive Ss had greater goal clarity. The Rathus assertion schedule and half of the goal clarity test were administered to 24 Ss, who then were assigned randomly to 10 sessions of either an assertion training group or an insight therapy group. After treatment, the Rathus assertion schedule and the other half of the goal clarity test were administered to the 24 Ss. While there was no difference between the two groups prior to treatment, after treatment the assertion group demonstrated significantly greater goal clarity and significantly greater change on the Rathus assertion schedule than did the insight group.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of assertiveness training on levels of stress and assertiveness experienced by nurses in Taiwan, Republic of China.

The purpose of the study was to examine the effectiveness of assertiveness training in improving self-perceived levels of stress and assertiveness among nurses in Taiwan, Republic of China. The two-group experimental design was conducted in a 2,000-bed veteran general hospital. A sample of 60 volunteer Chinese-speaking nurses participated in the study. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two treatments: assertiveness training (AT) or alternate treatment control (ATC), which served as a control and contained updated knowledge of new computer technology for in patient settings. Subjects in each group participated in six 2-hour workshops in the same two-week period. All subjects were pre-, post-, and follow-up posttested for stress and assertiveness with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (RAS), respectively. Results revealed the following: (1) subjects in both groups of pretest were clearly subassertive and under considerable stress; (2) by the end of training, the AT group scored significantly higher on the rating of assertiveness than those in the ATC group, and had successfully maintained their improvement by the 4-week follow-up; and (3) by the end of training, the AT group reported significantly lower levels of stress than the ATC group as indicated on the PSS, and successfully maintained their improvements at the 4-week follow-up. Overall, the results indicate clear support for the effectiveness of assertiveness training for treating subassertive behaviors and stress in a population of professional nurses in Taiwan.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

The influence of assertion training on three aspects of assertiveness in alcoholics.

This study examined three outcomes of assertion training considered relevant for alcoholics: (a) assertive behavior in negative situations; (b) discomfort in negative situations that call for assertive behavior; and (c) expectations of assertive behavior in sober vs. intoxicated states. Subjects were 38 male alcoholics in an inpatient treatment program. Although some behavioral competencies were acquired after assertion training, such training did not differentially reduce discomfort in negative situations or the discrepancy between perceptions of assertiveness in sober vs. intoxicated states at posttest or at 6-week follow-up.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Components of assertiveness: their relationships with assertive rights and depressed mood among Chinese college students in Hong Kong.

Components of assertiveness and depressive symptoms of 183 Chinese university undergraduate students were assessed in their responses to the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule and the Beck Depression Inventory. Three dimensions of assertiveness emerged: expressing, confronting and demanding responses. These components were found to relate differentially to the beliefs in specific assertive rights, although there was no evidence that nonassertive behaviors could arise from beliefs that one did not have the rights to act assertively. Nonassertive responses, especially in expressing and disclosing oneself, correlated with depressed mood. Implications for cross-cultural comparison and assertiveness training among the Chinese are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Assertive outreach teams in London: patient characteristics and outcomes. Pan-London Assertive Outreach Study, part 3.

BACKGROUND: Although the model of assertive outreach has been widely adopted, it is unclear who receives assertive outreach in practice and what outcomes can be expected under routine conditions. AIMS: To assess patient characteristics and outcome in routine assertive outreach services in the UK. METHOD: Patients (n=580) were sampled from 24 assertive outreach teams in London. Outcomes--days spent in hospital and compulsory hospitalisation--were assessed over a 9-month follow-up. RESULTS: The 6-month prevalence rate of substance misuse was 29%, and 35% of patients had been physically violent in the past 2 years. During follow-up, 39% were hospitalised and 25% compulsorily admitted. Outcome varied significantly between team types. These differences did not hold true when baseline differences in patient characteristics were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS: Routine assertive outreach serves a wide range of patients with significant rates of substance misuse and violent behaviour. Over a 9-month period an average of 25% of assertive outreach patients can be expected to be hospitalised compulsorily. Differences in outcome between team types can be explained by differences in patient characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

The role of assertiveness in female sexuality: a comparative study between sexually assertive and sexually nonassertive women.

To examine the role of assertiveness in female sexuality, a nonclinical population of married women (ages 18-31 years) were stratified as above or below the median score (73) on sexual assertiveness, as measured by the Hurlbert Index of Sexual Assertiveness (HISA), and matched accordingly for demographics, resulting in two samples: sexually assertive and sexually nonassertive, each group consisting of 50 women. Comparative assessments were made between the two matched samples on frequency of sexual activity, number of orgasms, subjective sexual desire, and both marital and sexual satisfaction. The t-test was used to test the equality of means between samples. Pearson's r was used for correlational data. ANOVA methods were employed to examine race, religion, and employment status. Using t-test, significant differences between the two groups appeared on all five measures. Sexually assertive women reported higher frequencies of sexual activity and orgasms, rated themselves as having greater subjective sexual desire, and reported greater marital and sexual satisfaction.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Assessing assertive behaviour in student nurses: a comparison of assertion measures.

This study compared four different assertive measurements used to assess student-nurse behaviour. The measurements employed included a semantic differential 'subjective self-report', the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, a behavioural test, and observer ratings. The study was divided into three different phases. In phase one, subjects (n = 19) were requested to complete the two self-report measures. Several days later, they were asked to partake in a behavioural test which took the form of a response to an unreasonable request. The final phase entailed observers (n = 9) viewing a video-recording of the behavioural test (without sound) and rating subjects on levels of assertiveness. Analyses of the results revealed only one significant finding, namely that there was a positive relationship between the scores on the Semantic Differential Measurement and the Rathus Assertiveness Schedule (P less than 0.05). No other significant results emerged. The findings of this investigation are discussed in the context of the role of assertive behaviour in nursing.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed1985

Assertiveness, anxiety, and interpersonal discomfort among amputees: implications for assertiveness training.

It has been suggested that the onset of physical disability may lead to deficits in assertiveness. Therefore, in the present study assertiveness, interpersonal discomfort, anxiety, and demographic variables were investigated among lower limb amputees. Amputees completed self-report measures and hospital visitors served as a control group. Multiple regression analyses identified age as a significant predictor variable for assertiveness among amputee subjects. Similarly, outpatient status was a significant predictor variable for discomfort in interpersonal situations. It was concluded that only selected amputees may require assertiveness training, and recommendations were made for further research. The findings support the screening of disabled subjects in future assertiveness research, especially with respect to age and outpatient status. Further investigations in amputee populations are needed to describe the incidence, nature, and duration of discomfort and anxiety as psychosocial responses to amputation. Additionally, future studies should include a measure of discomfort in interpersonal situations at serial time periods during amputees' rehabilitation to describe existing patterns over time.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Assessment of MLA assertiveness training for librarians: students' behavior changes after taking C.E. 669, Assertiveness and Human Relations Skills.

C.E. 669, offered for three years, was MLA's first personal development continuing education course. Participants were asked to respond to a follow-up survey about their current assertive philosophy, awareness, and behavioral repertoire. They were also assessed by the Librarian's Assertiveness Inventory, a tool that indicates patterns of behavioral responses, for which some normative data were available from librarians who had not taken the class. Class participants were found to be more likely to behave assertively and less likely to behave aggressively than librarians who had not taken the class. In nine out of ten situational categories, librarians who had taken the class demonstrated assertive response patterns. They also reported remembering and using more than one third of the behavioral techniques covered in class, with particular use of the nonverbal techniques. A majority saw themselves as more assertive since taking the class, although most believed that others viewed them much the same as they had prior to the class. Positive progress toward reaching specific behavioral goals was also reported.

Assertiveness↗
PubMed2002

Ethics of assertive outreach (assertive community treatment teams).

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Assertive outreach, also known as assertive community treatment, is a well established service model in several countries for people with severe and enduring mental health problems who do no engage with psychiatric services. However, it has been criticized for being coercive and paternalistic. The present review considers a number of recent contributions to the debate concerning the ethics of assertive outreach. RECENT FINDINGS: Assertive outreach brings into sharp focus a number of ethical issues that affect most mental health services, but it also generates new ones, primarily whether delivery of a service to people who are refusing it and are not legally bound to accept it can be justified. Several authors have grappled with these issues, mainly through using traditional principles of ethical treatment based on professional values, and this paper reviews such attempts at resolving those dilemmas. In so doing, it reveals the limitations of such approaches. SUMMARY: In conclusion, the present review suggests an alternative ethical basis for supporting delivery of assertive outreach services to a reluctant client group, which focuses more on the client's values and areas of assistance with which they express genuine appreciation and satisfaction.

Beneficence↗
PubMed2003

Assertive outreach teams in London: models of operation. Pan-London Assertive Outreach Study, part 1.

BACKGROUND: Assertive outreach teams have been introduced in the UK, based on the assertive community treatment (ACT) model. It is unclear how models of community care translate from one culture to another or the degree of adaptation that may result. AIMS: To characterise London assertive outreach teams and determine whether there are distinct groups within them. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews with team managers plus one month's prospective process of care data collection were used to test for 'model fidelity' to ACT and, by cluster analysis, to identify groupings. RESULTS: Fidelity varied widely, with four teams (out of 24 studied) rated 'high fidelity' and three teams rated 'low fidelity' by US standards and 17 rated 'ACT-like'. Three clusters were identified, with voluntary sector teams being the most distinct group. CONCLUSIONS: There is wide variation in the practice of assertive outreach in London. The role of the voluntary sector requires increased attention. Heterogeneity in practice is a clinical challenge but a research opportunity in distinguishing effective from redundant components of the approach.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Dimensions of assertiveness: factor analysis of five assertion inventories.

Five self report assertiveness inventories were factor analyzed. In each case two major factors emerged, accounting for approximately one-quarter to a third of the variance. The findings emphasize the multidimensional nature of current measures of assertiveness, and suggest the construction of a more systematic and psychometrically evaluated scale that would yield subscale scores assessing the separate dimensions of assertiveness.

Adolescent↗