PubMed · 6550396
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F M Hankin, A J Gragg, H Kaufer. Bleeding beneath postoperative plaster casts.. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006416-198301000-00006
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Ante- and post-mortem bloodstains prepared from the blood of volunteers and corpses were analysed for ATP and its related compounds by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that (1) ATP was present in a large amount in antemortem bloodstains but not in postmortem stains, (2) AMP, adenosine, inosine, hypoxanthine, xanthine and uracil either were not detected or were detected in smaller amounts in antemortem than in postmortem bloodstains, and (3) ADP was present in both ante- and post-mortem bloodstains. These differences suggest that quantitation of these compounds may be useful in identifying whether bloodstains are ante- or post-mortem.
Identification of the gender of an individual(s) from whom a bloodstain is derived represents important evidence in medicolegal cases. The efficacy of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using chromosome X and Y centromeric probes was tested to determine its ability to identify correctly the gender of extracted dried bloodstains. In this preliminary study, FISH correctly identified the gender of 2-week-old dried bloodstains in prepared mixtures of male-to-female blood as low as 1%. The technique is accurate, rapid, sensitive, easily performed and readily available. This application of FISH as a forensic laboratory technique holds great promise.
Validation experiments were performed to evaluate the HLA-DQ alpha DNA typing system for forensic casework. Temperature profiles for two Perkin Elmer TC-1 Thermal Cyclers were measured, and the efficiency of the instruments was tested by amplifying a control sample (DQ alpha 1.2,4) susceptible to allelic drop-out. DNA extraction using chelex was compared to non-organic extraction, and the amplification and hybridization procedures were evaluated at extremes of time and temperature. With the protocol in place, samples exposed to stresses commonly encountered in forensic casework were typed to determine the flexibility of the system. Mixed samples of two different bloods and blood mixed with saliva were typed to determine the threshold at which mixtures could be resolved using the reverse dot blot method. Different storage conditions were evaluated using a set of control bloodstrains, and a set of 12 postmortem blood samples was typed repeatedly over the course of 5 months to determine the effects of natural degradation on the DQ alpha results. Finally, casework stains on a variety of substrates were typed. These experiments demonstrate the flexibility of the HLA-DQ alpha system. Based upon these results, a comprehensive quality assurance program was developed to ensure the integrity of typing results for casework.