PubMed · 648050
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C P Bates. 1978. The unstable bladder.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/648050/
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OBJECTIVES: To determine the effects of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on 'sympathetic skin response' test which is one of the tests to evaluate autonomic functions. METHODS: Sixty postmenopausal women, 30 of whom taking hormone replacement therapy and the remaining 30 without hormone replacement therapy, were enrolled in this study. Sympathetic skin responses were recorded in each subject by Medelec Premiere electromyograph. Latency and amplitude of sympathetic skin response and area under the negative component of sympathetic skin response were measured and the groups were compared statistically regarding these results. RESULTS: Latency values of the groups were not significantly different, whilst the difference between the sympathetic skin response amplitudes of the groups, as well as the difference between the measurements of area under the negative component of sympathetic skin response of the groups were statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results of the current study seem to indicate that estrogen has a significant inhibitory effect on the sympathetic neuron pool at the spinal cord level.
During lateral gaze shifts to a visual target of 10 degrees eccentricity, the gap paradigm (presence of a 200 ms gap between offset of fixation lamp and onset of target lamp) produced a significant decrease in the reaction times (RTs) of head movements (54 ms) and saccades (82 ms) when compared with those obtained under the overlap paradigm across five subjects. Correlation coefficients between the RTs of saccades and head movements were significantly lower under the gap paradigm than those under the overlap paradigm. Particularly, the RTs of head movements occurring in association with express saccades were independent of the saccade RTs. These results indicate that the head and eye motor systems are controlled by the separate neural mechanisms in the conditions which produce express saccades.
Intraoperative electromyography can provide useful information regarding lumbosacral nerve root function during thoracolumbar spinal surgery. Free-running electromyography provides continuous feedback regarding the location and potential for surgical injury to the lumbosacral nerve roots within the operative field. Stimulus-evoked electromyography can confirm that transpedicular instrumentation has been positioned correctly within the bony cortex. However, electromyography has a number of potential limitations, which are discussed in this article along with improved methods to increase the overall efficacy of intraoperative electromyography, including: 1) Electromyography is sensitive to blunt lumbosacral nerve root irritation or injury, but may provide misleading results with "clean" nerve root transection. 2) Electromyography must be recorded from muscles belonging to myotomes appropriate for the nerve roots considered at risk from surgery. 3) Electromyography can be effective only with careful monitoring and titration of pharmacologic neuromuscular junction blockade. 4) When transpedicular instrumentation is stimulated, an exposed nerve root should be stimulated directly as a positive control whenever possible. 5) Pedicle holes and screws should be stimulated with single shocks at low-stimulus intensities when pharmacologic neuromuscular blockade is excessive. 6) Chronically compressed nerve roots that have undergone axonotmesis (wallerian degeneration) have higher thresholds for activation from electrical and mechanical stimulation. 7) Hence, whenever axonotmetic nerve root injury is suspected, the stimulus thresholds for transpedicular holes and screws must be specifically compared with those required for the direct activation of the adjacent nerve root (and not published guideline threshold values).