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PubMed · 591142

Evaluation methodology.

D F Klein
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Abstract

The results of several large methadone maintenance programs are reviewed and the outcome measures used are analyzed. Criteria measures were often vague and sometimes not defined. Many studies base their findings on unverified patient self-reports because costs for more reliable and systematic data collection are prohibitive. Available data does not allow for resolution of the pro- or antimethadone maintenance views for treatment of heroin addiction.

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BehaviorCrimeEmploymentEvaluation Studies as TopicHeroin DependenceHumansInterpersonal RelationsMethadoneMethodsMortalityPatient DropoutsPersonalityRecurrenceSocial AdjustmentJournal Article

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BibTeXRIS

D F Klein. 1977. Evaluation methodology.. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826087709027253

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The inversion In(2L)t impacts complex, environmentally sensitive behaviors in Drosophila melanogaster.

Genetic variation in behavioral traits allows organisms to respond and adapt to environmental challenges. Genetic variation in behavior is often affected by many genes and thus has a complex genetic basis. Inversions, the reorientation of genes along the chromosome, tightly link genetic variants together because they suppress recombination. Therefore, inversions are believed to have a major impact on phenotypic variation because they combine the effects of multiple genes, which can pleiotropically alter multiple aspects of behavior. This study investigates how the inversion In(2L)t, found in Drosophila melanogaster populations around the world, impacts different aspects of behavior in an environment-sensitive manner. We test the activity, foraging, and startle-induced behavior of flies with different In(2L)t genotypes across sex and temperatures. We observe that Drosophila homozygous for In(2L)t sleep less frequently, spend more time away from a food source, and have a longer duration of startle response. Additionally, the impacts of In(2L)t on aspects of behavior can be sex-specific and are largely consistent across temperatures. Taken together, our research demonstrates that inversions can regulate aspects of behavior, and suggests hypotheses explaining the distribution of In(2L)t across space and time.

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