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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2002

[Personality and personality disorders I. Universality and sensitivity of dimensional personality models as diagnostic systems for personality disorders].

OBJECTIVE: A dimensional diagnostic system for personality disorders (PD) postulates continuous transitions from normal to disordered personalities (continuity hypothesis) and universal validity of basic personality dimensions (universal hypothesis). In the present study three dimensional personality models that claim to provide a systematic representation of the overall domain of personality disorders were compared: the Big-Five model proposed by Costa and McCrae, the psychobiological model proposed by Cloninger and colleagues, and the "Dimensional Assessment of Personal Pathology (DAPP)" model proposed by Livesley and colleagues. METHOD: The "Six Factor Test" (SFT) measuring the Big-Five factors of personality, the "Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)" measuring 4 temperament and 3 character dimensions, and the DAPP measuring 18 basic traits and 4 second ordered factors were administered to general population subjects (n = 156), and a clinical sample (n = 220) including a subsample of 69 patients with at least one diagnosis of DSM-IV PD. Group comparisons, regression analyses, and facet theoretical analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The nonmetric similarity analyses of the three personality models show a nearly identical radex-representation of the second ordered factors in the non-clinical and clinical sample reflecting an universal validity of 4 basic personality dimensions and confirming the universal hypothesis. In comparison with the BIG-Five concept and the psychobiological model the DAPP model seems to be more sensitive to differentiate PD patients from controls with a reclassification rate of 94.5 %. CONCLUSIONS: The Big-Five model, the DAPP and the TCI represent a substantially similar domain despite their different conceptualization. However, the DAPP was more sensitive to differences between PD patients and controls, offered a more comprehensive account of PD, and could differentiate the two groups more effectively.

Character↗
PubMed1987

[A study of cyclothymic personality in personality type theory: a structural interpretation of syntonic and immodithymic personalities in the cyclothymic personality type].

This study was undertaken to explore various fundamental characteristics of the cyclothymic personality type. The subjects were 474 students who were classified into three basic personality types -cyclothymic, schizothymic and collathymic- on the basis of their performance on the VERAC Personality Inventory (VPI). Analyses of two questionnaires (TSPS and Self-Differential) completed by the subjects indicated that students classified as cyclothymic had a stronger tendency to recognize their own personality type and to adjust images which could or might be recognized by others. To explore the cyclothymic personality in greater detail, this group was classified into two sub-types -hypomanic and immodithymic types- and two additional tests (EPPS and EFT) were administered to these subjects. Analysis of the responses to these tests revealed that (a) the differences between the two sub-types in EPPS coincided to some degree with earlier reports in the clinical literature, (b) there was no difference between the sub-types in terms of reaction time or number of errors in EFT, and (c) the differences obtained between EPPS and EFT were not so clear as those obtained among the three basic personality types. Overall, these results supported the contention that cyclothymic personality type is a viable sub-category in personality type theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Personality, accentuated traits and personality disorders. A contribution to dimensional diagnosis of personality disorders].

A dimensional diagnostic system for personality disorders (PD) postulates continuous transition from normal to disordered personalities (continuity hypothesis) and universal validity of basic personality dimensions (universal hypothesis). The present study investigates the validity of Leonhard's concept of attenuated personalities that define a conceptual link between normal personality dimensions and PD. Nine possible continuous transitions between three conceptual levels (Big Five personality factors, nine attenuated personality traits, nine PD) were tested by questionnaire data obtained from a mentally healthy (n = 166) and a clinical sample (n = 78). Both samples differed significantly in nearly all variables. However, they showed substantial similarity concerning the (in)validity of single continua and the complex structure of all variables as analyzed by multidimensional scaling. The concept of attenuated personalities could be validated for six out of nine tested continua and can be recommended for application in dimensional models of personality and personality disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

An assessment of the Standardized Assessment of Personality as a screening instrument for the International Personality Disorder Examination: a comparison of informant and patient assessment for personality disorder.

BACKGROUND: The International Personality Disorder Examination (IPDE) has been developed as a standardized interview for personality disorders. While it has good psychometric properties, its length makes it difficult to use in the community in population research, particularly outside psychiatric settings. The informant-based Standard Assessment of Personality (SAP), which has been in use since 1981, could serve as a valid screen to detect likely personality disordered individuals who would then receive a definitive diagnosis by IPDE. This study aimed to compare the two instruments in their capacity to detect personality disorder according to ICD-10 taxonomy and to estimate the efficiency of the use of the two together in a case-finding exercise. METHOD: Ninety psychiatric out-patients in Bangalore, India, were assessed for personality disorder using the two methods. Assessment was conducted by a pair of trained interviewers in random order and by random allocation to interviewer. RESULTS: Overall agreement between the two instruments in the detection of ICD-10 personality disorder was modest (kappa = 0.4). The level of agreement varied according to personality category, ranging from kappa 0.66 (dependent) to kappa 0.09 (dyssocial). The SAP proved to have a high negative predictive value (97%) for IPDE as the gold standard, suggesting its potential as a screen in samples where the expected prevalence of personality disorder is low. CONCLUSION: A two-stage approach to epidemiological studies of personality disorder may be practicable.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Antisocial personality disorder among drug abusers. Relations to other personality diagnoses and the five-factor model of personality.

Antisocial personality disorder among drug abusers has been associated with poor drug abuse treatment outcome and greater human immunodeficiency virus infection risk compared with drug abusers without the disorder. Despite this, less is known about the personality trait dimensions of antisocial drug abusers, or about the prevalence of axis II comorbidity among this group. Similarly, little is known about the personality trait dimensions of antisocial drug abusers compared with those with axis II diagnoses other than antisocial or those with no personality diagnosis. The present study compared the personality traits of 203 outpatient opioid drug abusers categorized into either a pure antisocial group (i.e., antisocial diagnosis only), mixed antisocial group (i.e., antisocial plus another axis II diagnosis), other axis II group (i.e., axis II diagnosis other than antisocial), or a non-axis II group. Psychiatric diagnoses were made using a structured interview and personality traits of the four groups were compared using a self-report measure of the five-factor model of personality. As predicted, the mixed group was significantly more prone to neuroticism compared with the pure group, with higher scores on the vulnerability to stress and hostility facets. The mixed group also had a greater score on the neuroticism domain compared with the non-axis II group, with higher scores on five of the six facets. Significant differences were also found on agreeableness. The mixed group had lower scores on this domain (i.e., had higher interpersonal antagonism) compared with the non-axis II group. Somewhat surprisingly, the agreeableness score for the pure group was not significantly different from those of the remaining three groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2000

Six basic dimensions of personality and a seventh factor of generalized dysfunctional personality: a diathesis system covering all personality disorders.

The five-factor model (FFM) of personality has recently been claimed to be comprehensive for all dimensionally conceived personality disorders (PDs). This assumption is refuted on the grounds of a principal component analysis conducted for three basic factor inventories (FFPI, NEO-FFI, Hamburg Personality Inventory), 22 explorative facet scales for normal personality and a questionnaire inventory (Inventory of Clinical Personality Accentuations) of 24 PD scales. Seven substantial orthogonal Varimax factors were found explaining 73% of the total variance. The five factors of the FFM were replicated. In addition, a new basic factor 'risk and competition seeking' (basic dimension 'risk', BD-R) emerged replicating findings of Andresen. The massive seventh factor was substantially loaded by all 24 PD scales and interpreted as 'general dysfunctional personality' (GDP). Most of the highly loaded scales describe varying forms of cognitive aberration. Together with GDP, the six-factor model now explains about 73% of all PD scales, thus, a virtually comprehensive descriptive diathesis system is achieved. Without GDP and BD-R, only 25% can be accounted for by the FFM. Five of the six normal dimensions will be loaded with positive and negative signs by some PDs. Neuroticism (BD-N) is still unique regarding its positive substantial correlations with almost all PD scales. BD-N is also the only normal factor which is correlated with GDP at about 0.50. A geometric model for the relationships between basic and clinical factors is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Avoidant personality disorder, generalized social phobia, and shyness: putting the personality back into personality disorders.

With increasing recognition of social phobia as a common and often debilitating disorder, interest is developing in its boundaries with other disorders such as avoidant personality disorder and temperamental constructs such as shyness. Such interest reflects the more general debate concerning Axis I disorders, personality disorders, and what is considered normal personality variance. This review summarizes the available literature comparing avoidant personality disorder (APD), generalized social phobia (GSP), and shyness. In studies comparing APD and GSP, comorbidity rates have varied from approximately 25% to numbers high enough that the ability to diagnose one disorder without the other was questioned. Comparisons of the characteristics of APD and GSP have yielded few qualitative differences, although some studies have shown evidence that APD may represent a more severe form of GSP with respect to levels of symptoms, fear of negative evaluation, anxiety, avoidance, and depression. Personality dimensions including, but not limited to, shyness have been found to be strongly associated with GSP and APD, and there is some evidence that persons who suffer from social anxiety also suffer from fears and avoidance across nonsocial domains. In conclusion, although there is evidence that shyness, GSP, and APD exist along a continuum, the factors that constitute this continuum may need to be revised.

Comorbidity↗
PubMed2005

Incorporating if...then...personality signatures in person perception: beyond the person-situation dichotomy.

Three studies investigated conditions in which perceivers view dispositions and situations as interactive, rather than independent, causal forces when making judgments about another's personality. Study 1 showed that perceivers associated 5 common trait terms (e.g., friendly and shy) with characteristic if...then... (if situation a, then the person does x, but if situation b, then the person does y) personality signatures. Study 2 demonstrated that perceivers used information about a target's stable if...then... signature to infer the target's motives and traits; dispositional judgments were mediated by inferences about the target's motivations. Study 3 tested whether perceivers draw on if...then... signatures when making judgments about Big Five trait dimensions. Together, the findings indicate that perceivers take account of person-situation interactions (reflected in if...then... signatures) in everyday explanations of social behavior and personality dispositions. Boundary conditions are also discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Dimensional personality profiles of borderline personality disorder in comparison with other personality disorders and healthy controls.

The present study examined the sensitivity and clinical specificity of dimensional personality profiles associated with borderline personality disorder (BPD) by comparing three groups of patients: (a) patients with BPD according to DSM-IV criteria (n = 31); (b) patients with other DSM-IV PD (n = 31); and (c) general population controls (n = 31). All three samples were matched for age and gender and the two patient samples were matched for chronicity and depressive symptoms. All patients were given the Six-Factor Test measuring the five-factor model of personality (FFM), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), and the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology (DAPP). Nonparametric statistics were applied to analyze the data (Mann-Whitney-U-tests for group comparisons; Spearman's coefficients for correlational analyses). Neuroticism (FFM), Self-Directedness (TCI), and Emotional Dysregulation (DAPP) were identified as general markers of personality pathology, which were significantly interrelated in all three samples. BPD patients also showed a specific profile compared with other PD patients with lower scores on Agreeableness (FFM), higher scores on Novelty Seeking and Self-Transcendence (TCI), and higher scores on the DAPP higher-order dimensions of Emotional Dysregulation, Dissocial Behavior, and Inhibitedness. Results support the assumption that BPD can be characterized by dimensional approaches with sufficient sensitivity in comparison with healthy controls and specificity in comparison with other PD patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The representation of four personality disorders by the schedule for nonadaptive and adaptive personality dimensional model of personality.

This study examined the relationships of the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP) model of personality to 4 targeted personality disorders (PDs) in a large multisite sample of patients. Data were examined from 529 patients, who were assigned 1 of 5 primary diagnoses: borderline, schizotypal, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive PDs and major depression without PD. Patients were administered the SNAP questionnaire and results were compared among diagnostic groups and between patient groups and nonclinical norms. Results indicated that the dimensions of the model appear to have considerable promise in differentiating normal from abnormal personality, particularly in the propensity of individuals with PDs to manifest negative affects and interpersonal detachment. Furthermore, the model appeared to successfully distinguish specific PDs, a property that represents a particular challenge for dimensional models of personality.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Complementary approaches to the assessment of personality disorder. The Personality Assessment Schedule and Adult Personality Functioning Assessment compared.

BACKGROUND: Current concepts and measures of personality disorder are in many respects unsatisfactory. AIMS: To establish agreement between two contrasting measures of personality disorder, and to compare subject-informant agreement on each. To examine the extent to which trait abnormality can be separated from interpersonal and social role dysfunction. METHOD: Fifty-six subjects and their closest informants were interviewed and rated independently. Personality functioning was assessed using a modified Personality Assessment Schedule (M-PAS), and the Adult Personality Functioning Assessment (APFA). RESULTS: Subject-informant agreement on the M-PAS was moderately good, and agreement between the M-PAS and the APFA, across and within subjects and informants, was comparable to that for the M-PAS. This was equally the case when M-PAS trait plus impairment scores and trait abnormality scores were used. CONCLUSIONS: The M-PAS and the APFA are probably assessing similar constructs. Trait abnormalities occur predominantly in an interpersonal context and could be assessed within that context.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Depressive personality disorder: rates of comorbidity with personality disorders and relations to the five-factor model of personality.

Depressive personality disorder (DPD) is listed in the DSM-IV as one of the "Disorders for Further Study." In this investigation we examined (1) the rates of comorbidity of DPD with the 10 personality disorders (PDs) in the main text of DSM-IV, and (2) the convergent and discriminant validity of DPD in its relation to the 30 facet traits of the Five-Factor Model of personality (FFM). One hundred and sixty-nine participants with psychiatric diagnoses were interviewed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders Questionnaire (SCID-II) and completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). A total of 26 (15%) of the participants met diagnostic criteria for at least one of the 10 main text PDs, and 15 (9%) met criteria for DPD. Of those who met criteria for DPD, 10 (59%) of the participants also met criteria for one or more of the 10 main text PDs. Regression analyses indicated a four-facet trait set derived from the NEO PI-R thought to be uniquely associated with DPD accounted for a significant amount of variance in DPD SCID-II PD scores and was significantly larger for DPD than it was for the 9 of the 10 main text PDs; the sole exception was for avoidant PD. Diagnostically, DPD overlaps significantly with other PDs but is distinguishable in its unique relation with traits from the FFM.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

[Personality and personality disorders II. The Specificity of the DAPP-model as a diagnostic system for personality disorders].

The 'Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology - Basic Questionnaire' (DAPP) measures 18 traits to provide a systematic representation of the overall domain of personality disorders (PD). The present study investigated the relationships between DAPP personality profiles and dimensional assessments of DSM-IV PD in general population subjects (n = 156), and a sample of 220 nonpsychotic psychiatric patients (including n = 67 PD patients). Using nonmetric multidimensional scaling models the similarities between the 18 DAPP-factors and the dimensional scores of the 12 DSM-IV PD (inclusive appendix) were graphically represented in a 2-dimensional similarity-system. Here each DSM-IV PD dimension could be described by a distinct profile of DAPP-factors. Overall results support the assumption that PD can be represented by a dimensional system of personality traits with sufficient sensitivity and specificity.

Humans↗
PubMed2004

Quality of depressive experiences in borderline personality disorders: differences between patients with borderline personality disorder and patients with higher levels of personality organization.

Clinical observations suggest that depressive experiences in patients with borderline personality disorder have a specific quality. These experiences are characterized by emptiness and anger ("angry depression") and are associated with primitive forms of object relations. In this study, this observation was tested empirically. A sample of borderline inpatients (N=30) was compared with a sample of inpatients with higher levels of personality organization suffering from neurotic disorders (N=30). Depression and other affects were assessed by the Affective Dictionary Ulm (Dahl, Hölzer, & Berry, 1992). The quality of object relations was assessed by a scale developed by Urist (1977), which was applied to responses in the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (Holtzman, Thorpe, Swartz, & Herron, 1961). Correlations were assessed between depression, on the one hand, and anger, anxiety, and the quality of object relations, on the other hand. The clinical observations were confirmed: In the patients with borderline personality disorder, depression showed significant correlations with the affects of anger, anxiety, and fear, and with primitive forms of object relations. In the patients with higher levels of personality organization, no such correlations were found. The results are discussed with regard to the understanding of borderline disorders, diagnosis, and therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Personality in cyberspace: personal Web sites as media for personality expressions and impressions.

This research examined the personality of owners of personal Web sites based on self-reports, visitors' ratings, and the content of the Web sites. The authors compared a large sample of Web site owners with population-wide samples on the Big Five dimensions of personality. Controlling for demographic differences, the average Web site owner reported being slightly less extraverted and more open to experience. Compared with various other samples, Web site owners did not generally differ on narcissism, self-monitoring, or self-esteem, but gender differences on these traits were often smaller in Web site owners. Self-other agreement was highest with Openness to Experience, but valid judgments of all Big Five dimensions were derived from Web sites providing rich information. Visitors made use of quantifiable features of the Web site to infer personality, and the cues they utilized partly corresponded to self-reported traits.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Prevalence of serum anti-Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody in persons with severe motor and intellectual disabilities--comparison between institutionalized persons and persons living at home].

The seroprevalence of an anti-Helicobacter pylori antibody (ELISA) was investigated in institutionalized persons with severe motor and intellectual disabilities (SMID). The rate of seropositivity was significantly higher in persons with SMID under 29 years of age than in age-matched controls and in institutionalized patients with muscular dystrophy. No difference in seropositivity among SMID patients was found between those in our and other institutions. Therefore, it is speculated that Helicobacter pylori infection occurs soon after the institutionalization of SMID patients. Persons with SMID living at home, in their teens and twenties, had lower seropositivity than that of institutionalized patients but higher than controls. These data implicate the life style of persons with SMID and long-term institutionalization as one of important risk factors of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessing personality features and their relations with behavioral problems in adolescents: Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire and Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire.

This study examines the applicability for adolescents of the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), which was originally designed for adults, as compared to the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ). The study also evaluates their inter-relationship and associations with various behavioral problems as reported by parents using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). In a representative community sample of 905 adolescents, the results of internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and factor analysis showed that both the Harm Avoidance (HA) and the Novelty Seeking (NS) scales of the TPQ have sound construct validity, although the Reward Dependence (RD) scale has less so. The intercorrelation and factor analysis of the two questionnaires showed that the TPQ and the JEPQ are not simply alternative descriptions of the same construct of personality. In their associations with various behavioral problems, the scales of the TPQ are relatively more specifically associated with behavioral problems than the scales of the JEPQ. Our results provide empirical support for the applicability of the NS and the HA scales of the TPQ in adolescents, particularly in relation to behavioral problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2007

The Personality Disorders Institute/Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation Randomized Control Trial for Borderline Personality Disorder: reliability of Axis I and II diagnoses.

The Personality Disorder Institute/Borderline Personality Disorder Research Foundation randomized control trial (PDI/BPDRF RCT) is a randomized control trial comparing three treatments for borderline personality disorder (BPD). An important issue for any RCT is diagnostic reliability, demonstration of which is necessary to evaluate claims of a treatment's efficacy for a given population. The present paper examines the interrater reliability of Axis I and II disorders in the context of a high base rate of BPD features for participants referred for inclusion in the RCT. Our results indicate good to excellent levels of interrater reliability for all Axis I and II disorders in this context. Assessors were able to reliably diagnose BPD, exclusionary criteria, and comorbid diagnoses. This data is important for comparing findings and sample composition across different studies using similar sampling strategies, especially as treatments are increasingly being developed and tested for BPD.

Adult↗