PubMed · 5701213
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K D Reilly. 1968. A neural model for conditioned avoidance learning.. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02476676
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Swallow induction has been used to shape swallowing behavior in dysphagic children and to accelerate swallowing in nondysphagic children with profound mental retardation who display primitive swallows. Swallow induction may be considered a type of prompt. This project coupled swallow induction with a modified delayed prompting paradigm to establish eating in a 3.5-year-old girl. Coupling these procedures produced prompt swallowing and established oral consumption. Follow-ups at 1, 2, 6 and 12 months demonstrated maintenance and further improvement of the newly acquired feeding skills. Implications for treatment and further research are discussed.
The problem of variable geographic distribution of physicians appears to be universal and intransigent. There is growing evidence from several developed countries of primary physicians avoiding areas in large cities increasingly populated by poor and ethnic minorities. This paper extends the research to Germany. Here, the changing population structure of Munich from 1950 through 1990, characterized by a large influx of foreign guestworkers, is illustrated. Selected changes in the medical care system and the role of the general practitioner pertinent to the question of supply and distribution are also discussed. Within this context, the geographic distribution of general practitioners' offices is examined for possible response to the concentration of foreigners in Districts within the City. In the aggregate, the distribution of general practitioners follows the geographic trends of the general population during the study period. However, geographic distribution of general practitioners varies widely on a District by District assessment. Though the exception, in several Districts there are indications that general practitioners may be avoiding locating offices in areas characterized by high density of foreign populations. This paper also draws attention to the importance of investigative scale to conclusions relating general practitioner distribution to spatial-temporal population trends.
Behavior analytic methods are applied to the conceptualization and treatment of a complex case of interoceptive classical conditioning. The subject exhibited a gagging and vomiting response to bladder and/or similar visceral sensations. A two-factor learning model of the problem led to a successful exposure and response prevention intervention, which was based on single-case experimental methodology. We discuss the possible relevance of this case in the context of the growing attention to interoceptive conditioning in behavioral problems, and comment upon the importance of behavior analytic principles and procedures to the behavioral clinician.