PubMed · 5687334
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B N Phillips. 1968. Problem behavior in the elementary school.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5687334/
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OBJECTIVES: Normal short stature (NSS), defined as height below the 5th percentile for age and sex norms that is not due to illness, hormonal deficiency, or part of a dysmorphic syndrome, has been thought to have a deleterious effect on psychosocial functioning based on observations of referred populations. Recent studies of nonreferred children with NSS, however, have demonstrated normal function. This study directly compared the psychosocial functioning of referred children with NSS, nonreferred children with NSS, and children with normal stature. STUDY DESIGN: Participants, 90 children (46 boys, 44 girls) between 6 and 12 years of age (mean, 9. 6 years), were administered intelligence and achievement tests. Parents and teachers assessed adaptive and problem behaviors. Family adaptability and cohesiveness were measured. RESULTS: Intelligence and achievement for referred and nonreferred children with NSS were average. Referred children with NSS were reported to have more externalizing behavior problems and poorer social skills than nonreferred children with NSS and children in the control group. Family adaptability and cohesiveness were comparable across groups. CONCLUSIONS: Children with NSS have normal psychosocial function, and results suggest that externalizing behavior problems, attention problems, and poor social skills in children referred to clinics for NSS are inappropriately attributed to short stature.
OBJECTIVES: In 1984 females made up 45% of medical undergraduates in Ireland. By 1996 this proportion had increased to 57%. This study examines gender differences in performance at final medical examinations, with a view to ascertaining the impact of the change in proportion of females attending medical school. DESIGN: Final year examination results of medical students over a 5-year period (1992-96) were obtained from the broadsheets of University College Dublin (UCD) examinations office. The results of 557 students (females n=277; males=280) were analysed for all final year examinations (n=5). SETTING: University College Dublin. SUBJECTS: Final year medical students. RESULTS: Overall females were found to have performed better than their male counterparts. They were more likely to achieve an honours grade and had a similar or lower likelihood of passing or failing. Gender differences in performance were most marked in paediatrics (P < 0.01), psychiatry (P < 0.01) and obstetrics and gynaecology (P=0.01), females being more successful in each case. CONCLUSIONS: The success of females and their increased numbers at undergraduate level are not reflected at senior registrar and consultant level. As medical manpower becomes more of an issue the lack of women, particularly in certain specialties, and the possible reasons for this need to be addressed.
Significant public health concerns exist regarding our current level of success in treating ADHD. Medication management is very helpful in 60-70% of patients. Side effects, lack of compliance and the fact that stimulant medications cannot be given late in the day limit the benefits largely to school hours. While stimulants improve behavior and attention, less of an effect has been noted on academic and social performance. Continuing concerns exist about long-term safety, and studies on long-term cardiovascular and neurophysiological effects have not been carried out. Neurotherapy for ADHD offers an effective alternate for patients whose treatment is limited by side effects, poor medication response and in cases in which the patients and/or their parents refuse to consider medications. Studies indicate clinical improvement is largely related to measurable improvements in the EEG signature, evidenced by declining theta/beta ratios over frontal/central cortex and/or reduced theta/alpha band amplitudes.