PubMed · 5633765
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J G Gall. 1967. The light microscope as an optical diffractometer.. https://doi.org/10.1242/jcs.2.2.163
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In this article, a method for measuring the astigmatism produced by an oblique central refraction is proposed. Measurements were taken using two different values of the pantoscopic angle that can be produced by lenses mounted in frames. We show that in specific cases, and as a function of the angle and power of the lens, the resulting astigmatism can surpass the tolerance level of the eye.
We present a simple theory for the evaluation of the axial resolution of a confocal scanning microscope with parallel-beam detection. The results demonstrate that, in certain cases, the collection efficiency is low compared with a conventional confocal microscope, but the axial resolution may be further improved.
A single approximate matrix expression is derived that gives the thickness at any point on any lens. The lens may have dioptric power or prism power or both. The expression gives, amongst other things, the equation for lines of constant thickness.