Constipating effect of Reasec examined in internal diseases of out-patients.

Cadmium (Cd), the heavy metal, is toxic to the placenta. The objectives of this study were to determine if Cd toxicity is due to inhibition of placental or trophoblast cell proliferation through interactions with the intracellular calcium binding protein, calmodulin (CaM). Cd can replace calcium and thus interfere with CaM's function. Also, CaM inhibitors reverse selected toxic effects of Cd. The CaM inhibitor, zaldaride maleate, was used to determine if Cd inhibits trophoblast cell proliferation through interactions with CaM. JAr choriocarcinoma cells, a neoplastic trophoblast cell line which is similar to early human trophoblast cells, were selected to study this question. Cd (20 and 40 microM) inhibits JAr cell proliferation, as measured by cell number and BrdU incorporation. Zaldaride (10 and 20 microM) inhibits proliferation to a lesser extent; 100 microM is lethal. To determine if zaldaride alters actions of Cd, zaldaride and Cd are added simultaneously. Zaldaride (20 microM) and Cd (20 microM) together inhibit proliferation less than Cd alone, thus partially protecting cells. Metallothionein is induced in cells exposed to Cd, while zaldaride does not cause induction of this cellular defense mechanism protein. To determine if Cd inhibits proliferation through alterations of cell cycle, JAr cells enriched for G0/G1 phase were exposed to 20 microM Cd, 20 microM zaldaride, or 20 microM Cd plus 20 microM zaldaride for 24 hr. Cells remain in G0/G1 following Cd exposure; cells treated with 20 microM zaldaride progress through S phase and into G2. Zaldaride and Cd together allow JAr cells to leave G1 and enter S phase, partially relieving the cycle block produced by Cd. This study demonstrates a role for calmodulin in mediating the toxicity of Cd in trophoblast cell proliferation.

Antidiarrheals↗

PubMed1997

A synopsis of the American Academy of Pediatrics' practice parameter on the management of acute gastroenteritis in young children.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Antidiarrheals↗

PubMed1997

Evaluation of diarrhoea management of health professionals trained at the Diarrhoea Training Unit of Rawalpindi General Hospital.

To promote the use of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), a training programme was launched by The Pakistan National Programme for Control of Diarrhoeal Disease (CDD) by establishing the Diarrhoea Training Units (DTUs). Physicians trained at DTU were designated to establish functioning oral rehydration therapy (ORT) corners at their health centres and train health workers in delivery of facilities on standard diarrhoea case management. The study was designed to evaluate the functioning of ORT corners three years after their establishment. The study revealed that ORT corners have failed to achieve the main objectives of DTU programme. Twenty-four out of 49 ORT corners were non-functional after three years of their establishment, mainly due to frequent transfers of trained staff. In 22 ORT corners evaluated, performance of health professionals was far from satisfactory, 19 out of 22 doctors were found to have inadequate performance in diarrhoea management and only 3 out of 7 LHVs performed adequately. LHVs could not consistently deliver health education messages to mothers. There seems to be a lack of interest and willingness to participate actively, as more than 50% of both doctors and LHVs did not consider ORT work as their job. We conclude that the ultimate objectives of improved and appropriate diarrhoea case management through ORT corners have not been achieved.

Antidiarrheals↗