PubMed · 5202885
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M D Thomas, J M Baker, N J Estes. 1970. Anger: a tool for developing self-awareness.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5202885/
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The possibility that certain psychologic factors lead to hypertension has been considered by many investigators over the past 60 years, but prospective studies with suitable methods to evaluate this hypothesis were not available for analysis until the 1990s. There are now five large longitudinal studies demonstrating a relation between symptoms of anxiety or depression and subsequent hypertension incidence. Anger expression, long considered a major psychologic factor in hypertension, has been studied less extensively, and the findings to date are less consistent. While some evidence supports the biological plausibility of psychologic factors as risk factors for hypertension, biobehavioral mechanisms explaining the relationship have not been adequately explored. The results of these recent studies may lead to new intervention trials specifically selecting hypertensive patients with anxiety or depression for treatment with stress reduction or other appropriate psychologic therapies. Such studies would further contribute to the evaluation of anxiety and depression as risk factors for hypertension.
Anxiety and anger are hazardous to health. This article offers a selective review of research that illustrates how anxiety and anger increase vulnerability to illnesses, compromise the immune system, increase lipid levels, exacerbate pain, and increase the risk of death from cardiovascular disease and from all sources of death. Possible mechanisms for such effects are identified, including the role of cardiovascular reactivity. Finally, data are provided on Anxiety Management Training, a brief, structured psychological intervention that has proven effective in anxiety as well as anger management.
This chapter gives an overview of research relating to psychological aspects of caesarean section. It focuses on four main questions: *What are the psychological effects of caesarean section on the mother, her partner and her relationship with her infant? *What factors (obstetric, psychological, attitudinal, and health care-related) make women more vulnerable to adverse psychological outcomes after a caesarean section? *What are women distressed about when they have had a caesarean section? *How can post-caesarean psychological distress be prevented or managed?A methodological critique of existing studies on psychological aspects of caesarean section is also given. In conclusion, recommendations for practice and for future research are made.