PubMed · 5025246
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D A Hansen. 1972-04-01. Cancrum oris.. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5025246/
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Functional brain mapping based on changes in local cerebral blood flow (lCBF) or glucose utilization (lCMR(glc)) induced by functional activation is generally carried out in animals under anesthesia, usually alpha-chloralose because of its lesser effects on cardiovascular, respiratory, and reflex functions. Results of studies on the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the mechanism of functional activation of lCBF have differed in unanesthetized and anesthetized animals. NO synthase inhibition markedly attenuates or eliminates the lCBF responses in anesthetized animals but not in unanesthetized animals. The present study examines in conscious rats and rats anesthetized with alpha-chloralose the effects of vibrissal stimulation on lCMR(glc) and lCBF in the whisker-to-barrel cortex pathway and on the effects of NO synthase inhibition with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on the magnitude of the responses. Anesthesia markedly reduced the lCBF and lCMR(glc) responses in the ventral posteromedial thalamic nucleus and barrel cortex but not in the spinal and principal trigeminal nuclei. L-NAME did not alter the lCBF responses in any of the structures of the pathway in the unanesthetized rats and also not in the trigeminal nuclei of the anesthetized rats. In the thalamus and sensory cortex of the anesthetized rats, where the lCBF responses to stimulation had already been drastically diminished by the anesthesia, L-NAME treatment resulted in loss of statistically significant activation of lCBF by vibrissal stimulation. These results indicate that NO does not mediate functional activation of lCBF under physiological conditions.
The practice of anaesthesia is surrounded by the same legal texts as in other medical fields and by a decree, which is specific to it. This decree notably prescribes a preliminary consultation by an anaesthetist, in a lapse of time allowing change to eventually the planned strategy or to optimise preoperative care. It is therefore important that all medical data useful to the patient assessment should be available at this time. Since the application of professional standards, claims related to the anaesthetic practice have decreased in the United States, especially because of the reduction in perioperative hypoxic injuries. It should be noted that the development of such standards aims first at improving patient's care. Claims reduction could be consider as a secondary consequence. Other means of improving our practice deserve to be developed, such as national confidential surveys.
General anaesthesia is a reversible loss of consciousness induced and maintained with a hypnotic drug given either by venous injection and infusion, or by inhalation. A potent opioid is usually associated to inhibit the transmission of pain and thus to lessen sympathetic and endocrine reactions to nociceptive stimuli. Myorelaxation is used to facilitate tracheal intubation and surgery. Whatever the anaesthetic protocol use, the patient and anaesthesia machine require close monitoring. In addition to vital signs, the depth of anaesthesia may be monitored using automated electroencephalographic analysis and myorelaxation should always be monitored using a nerve stimulator, but pain or analgesia evaluation is only based on clinical signs of sympathetic stimulation. Because anaesthesia-related death and morbidity have decreased considerably, future improvements in outcome should concern perioperative comfort, i.e. prevention of cognitive disturbances, nausea, vomiting and pain.