PubMed · 4996708
The source did not provide an abstract. Follow the original record for more information.
Explore connections, maps & timelines
R T Harris, W M McIsaac, L F Fabre. 1971-03-29. Research training in alcoholism.. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1971.tb30716.x
Cite the original work for its findings. Save a collection to share your selection of sources.
KEEP EXPLORING
Our objective was to investigate the relationship between the gene encoding the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1) and susceptibility to substance dependence in European-American (EA) and African-American (AA) subjects. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the OPRM1 locus, i.e., -2044C/A, -1793T/A, -1699insT, -1469T/C, -1320A/G, -111C/T, +17C/T (Ala6Val), and +118A/G (Asn40Asp) were genotyped in 676 subjects: 318 EA subjects and 124 AA subjects with substance dependence, and 179 EA normal controls, and 55 AA normal controls. Affection status was defined by each unique combination of alcohol, cocaine, and opioid dependence and analysis of association examined in relation to the possible combinations. We used a newly implemented permutation method to evaluate statistical significance. In EAs, a significant difference in haplotype frequency distributions was found between controls and "alcohol + opioid" dependent patients (P = 0.0036). This finding is also supported by logistic regression analysis and a simulation method. The frequencies of allele -2044A and haplotypes including -2044A are higher in these patients than in controls. In AAs, no allele, haplotype, or genotype frequencies were significantly different between cases and controls. There were highly significant differences in the allele, haplotype, and genotype frequencies between EA and AA controls. Four of the variants [-1793T/A, -1699insT, -1320A/G, and -111C/T] are in virtually complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) to compose a sequence pattern, which does not associate with any of the seven categories of substance dependence. In EAs, allele -2044A and haplotypes that include -2044A are the susceptibility allele and haplotypes for substance dependence. These findings suggest that OPRM1 may play a role in the pathophysiology of substance dependence and this role is population- and diagnosis-specific.
The purpose of this article is to present a brief review on the need for changes in nurses' undergraduate education concerning alcohol and drugs. Specialized literature makes it clear that nurses have difficulties giving care to psychoactive substance users as part of their functions in the various health care sites. This may be associated with a deficiency in formal education. In the face of the social importance concerning these related questions in the scope of research, care, and education, we made an attempt at deepening the study on this theme, which could contribute to changes in practice, care, and undergraduate nursing education.
Hospital treatment in Germany will clearly change: instead of paying by the number of days, blanket prices including all necessary benefits will become the norm. The nearly innumerable treatments possible were collected into diagnosis-related groups (DRGs) requiring similar clinicomedical benefits and consuming similar financial resources. The DRG classification in Germany (G-DRG) will be oriented to the Australian refined diagnosis-related group (AR-DRG) system, which has existed since 1998. German psychiatric hospitals have by policy not yet been involved in the new system. However, a big sector of psychiatric activity--as far as number of patients is concerned--has already been incorporated in this new system: detoxification from legal and illegal drugs is involved in G-DRG inasmuch as it does not take place in psychiatric hospitals. If the DRG system becomes established in German psychiatric hospitals, grave difficulties will occur. These problems are described together with the expected results in the example of hospital treatment of alcoholics.